{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:01:22Z","timestamp":1773043282455,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006952","name":"Louisiana Board of Regents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006952","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008520","name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008520","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007035","name":"Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A snake's body represents an extreme degree of elongation with immense muscle complexity. Snakes have approximately 25 different muscles on each side of the body at each vertebra. These muscles serially repeat, overlap, interconnect, and rarely insert parallel to the vertebral column. The angled muscles mean that simple measurements of anatomical cross\u2010sectional area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACSA<\/jats:styled-content>, perpendicular to the long\u2010axis of the body) serve only as proxies for the primary determinant of muscle force, physiological cross\u2010sectional area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSA<\/jats:styled-content>, area perpendicular to the muscle fibers). Here, I describe and quantify the musculature of two intraguild constrictors: kingsnakes (<jats:italic>Lampropeltis holbrooki<\/jats:italic>) and ratsnakes (<jats:italic>Pantherophis obsoletus<\/jats:italic>) whose predation performance varies considerably. Kingsnakes can produce significantly higher constriction pressures compared with ratsnakes of similar size. In both snakes, I provide qualitative descriptions, detail previously undescribed complexity, identify a new lateral muscle, and provide some of the first quantitative measures of individual muscle and whole\u2010body<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSA<\/jats:styled-content>. Furthermore, I compare measurements of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACSA<\/jats:styled-content>with measurements of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSA<\/jats:styled-content>. There was no significant difference in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSA<\/jats:styled-content>of muscles between kingsnakes and ratsnakes. There is, however, a strong relationship between<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACSA<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSA<\/jats:styled-content>measurements. I could not identify a significant difference in musculature between kingsnakes and ratsnakes that explains their different levels of constriction performance. Unmeasured components of muscle function, such as endurance and force production, might account for differences in performance between two species with similar muscle structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T05:16:47Z","timestamp":1519708607000},"page":"1016-1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Quantitative axial myology in two constricting snakes:<i>Lampropeltis holbrooki<\/i>and<i>Pantherophis obsoletus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Penning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology &amp; Environmental Health Missouri Southern State University Joplin MO USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette LA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"The dimensions of the knee and ankle muscles and the forces they exert","volume":"1","author":"Alexander RM","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Hum Mov Stud"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The trunk musculature of Sanzinia and its bearing on certain aspects of the myological evolution in snakes","volume":"82","author":"Auffenberg W","year":"1958","journal-title":"Mus Comp Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"The vertebral musculature of Chersydrus (Serpentes)","volume":"29","author":"Auffenberg W","year":"1966","journal-title":"Q J Florida Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"106","volume-title":"Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology","author":"Cundall D","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012632590-4\/50010-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"The functional significance of muscle architecture: a theoretical analysis","volume":"38","author":"Gans C","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051920106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","author":"Gasc J\u2010P","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052010310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520935433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icn025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2004.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051720108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.140.1.1","article-title":"Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: an electromyographic study of the sidewinding and concertina modes of Crotalus cerastes, Nerodia fasciata, and Elaphe obsoleta","volume":"140","author":"Jayne BC","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.002493"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1647::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"How Snakes Work: Structure, Function and Behavior or the World's Snakes","author":"Lillywhite HB","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095283690400603X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596912"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"184","article-title":"Density and composition of mammalian muscle","volume":"9","author":"Mendez J","year":"1960","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00823.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.17.2589","article-title":"The mechanisms of swallowing and the muscular control of diverse behaviours in gopher snakes","volume":"203","author":"Moon BR","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"The myology of the trunk region of snakes and its significance for ophidian taxonomy and phylogeny","volume":"1","author":"Mosauer W","year":"1935","journal-title":"Univ Cal Publ Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","unstructured":"NicodemoPI(2012)Longitudinal Variation in the Axial Muscles of Snakes. 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