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Homebox (<jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>) genes are involved in this evolutionary mammalian conservation, and homeotic transformation of cervical into thoracic vertebrae (cervical ribs) is a common phenotypic abnormality when <jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic> gene expression is altered. This relatively benign phenotypic change can be associated with fatal traits in humans. Mutations in genes upstream of <jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>, inbreeding and stressors during organogenesis can also cause cervical ribs. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of cervical ribs in a large group of domestic dogs of different breeds, and explore a possible relation with other congenital vertebral malformations (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVMs<\/jats:styled-content>) in the breed with the highest prevalence of cervical ribs.\u00a0By phenotyping we hoped to give clues as to the underlying genetic causes. Twenty computed tomography studies from at least two breeds belonging to each of the nine groups recognized by the Federation Cynologique Internationale, including all the brachycephalic \u2018screw\u2010tailed\u2019 breeds that are known to be overrepresented for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVM<\/jats:styled-content>s, were reviewed. The Pug dog was more affected by cervical ribs than any other breed (46%; <jats:italic>P\u2005<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20050.001), and was selected for further analysis. No association was found between the presence of cervical ribs and vertebral body formation defect, bifid spinous process, caudal articular process hypoplasia\/aplasia and an abnormal sacrum, which may infer they have a different aetiopathogenesis. However, Pug dogs with cervical ribs were more likely to have a transitional thoraco\u2010lumbar vertebra (<jats:italic>P\u2005<\/jats:italic>=\u20050.041) and a pre\u2010sacral vertebral count of 26 (<jats:italic>P\u2005<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20050.001). Higher C7\/T1 dorsal spinous processes ratios were associated with the presence of cervical ribs (<jats:italic>P\u2005<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20050.001), supporting this is a true homeotic transformation. Relaxation of the stabilizing selection has likely occurred, and the Pug dog appears to be a good naturally occurring model to further investigate the aetiology of cervical ribs, other congenital vertebral anomalies and numerical alterations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T05:59:39Z","timestamp":1526363979000},"page":"255-265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["C7 vertebra homeotic transformation in domestic dogs \u2013 are Pug dogs breaking mammalian evolutionary constraints?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Brocal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"De Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College University of London North Mymms, Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Jos\u00e9\u2010L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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