{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:07:38Z","timestamp":1791986858773,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000616","name":"Fisheries Society of the British Isles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000616","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000873","name":"Queen's University Belfast","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult ocean sunfish are the heaviest living teleosts. They have no axial musculature or caudal fin. Propulsion is by unpaired dorsal and anal fins; a pseudocaudal fin (\u2018clavus\u2019) acts as a rudder. Despite common perception, young sunfish are active predators that swim quickly, beating their vertical fins in unison to generate lift\u2010based propulsion and attain cruising speeds similar to salmon and marlin. Here we show that the thick subcutaneous layer (or \u2018capsule\u2019), already known to provide positive buoyancy, is also crucial to locomotion. It provides two compartments, one for dorsal fin musculature and one for anal fin muscles, separated by a thick, fibrous, elastic horizontal septum that is bound to the capsule itself, the roof of the skull and the dorsal surface of the short vertebral column. The compartments are braced sagittally by bony haemal and neural spines. Both fins are powered by white muscles distributed laterally and red muscles located medially. The anal fin muscles are mostly aligned dorso\u2010ventrally and have origins on the septum and haemal spines. Dorsal fin muscles vary in orientation; many have origins on the capsule above the skull and run near\u2010horizontally and some bipennate muscles have origins on both capsule and septum. Such bipennate muscle arrangements have not been described previously in fishes. Fin muscles have hinged tendons that pass through capsular channels and radial cartilages to insertions on fin rays. The capsule is gelatinous (89.8% water) with a collagen and elastin meshwork. Greasy in texture, calculations indicate capsular buoyancy is partly provided by lipid. Capsule, septum and tendons provide elastic structures likely to enhance muscle action and support fast cruising.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T10:30:10Z","timestamp":1529577010000},"page":"347-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The locomotor system of the ocean sunfish <i>Mola mola<\/i> (L.): role of gelatinous exoskeleton, horizontal septum, muscles and tendons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-8934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Davenport","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha D.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence E.","family":"Eagling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen's Marine Laboratory Portaferry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D. R.","family":"Houghton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK"},{"name":"Queen's Marine Laboratory Portaferry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"The Invertebrates","author":"Alexander RM","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1975.tb05983.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1350762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/38.4.703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.11.1681","article-title":"In vivo muscle force\u2013length behavior during steady\u2010speed hopping in tammar wallabies","volume":"201","author":"Biewener AA","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp 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