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Nevertheless, the validity of such studies pivots on the reliability of endocasts as a proxy for brain morphology. Here, we employ micro\u2010computed tomography imaging, including diffusible iodine\u2010based contrast\u2010enhanced\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , and a three\u2010dimensional geometric morphometric framework to examine both size and shape differences between brains and endocasts of two exemplar archosaur taxa \u2013 the American alligator (\n                    <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the domestic chicken (\n                    <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). With ontogenetic sampling, we quantitatively evaluate how endocasts differ from brains and whether this deviation changes during development. We find strong size and shape correlations between brains and endocasts, divergent ontogenetic trends in the brain\u2010to\u2010endocast correspondence between alligators and chickens, and a comparable magnitude between brain\u2013endocast shape differences and intraspecific neuroanatomical variation. The results have important implications for paleoneurological studies in archosaurs. Notably, we demonstrate that the pattern of endocranial shape variation closely reflects brain shape variation. Therefore, analyses of endocranial morphology are unlikely to generate spurious conclusions about large\u2010scale trends in brain size and shape. To mitigate any artifacts, however, paleoneurological studies should consider the lower brain\u2013endocast correspondence in the hindbrain relative to the forebrain; higher size and shape correspondences in chickens than alligators throughout postnatal ontogeny; artificially \u2018pedomorphic\u2019 shape of endocasts relative to their corresponding brains; and potential biases in both size and shape data due to the lack of control for ontogenetic stages in endocranial sampling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T05:05:18Z","timestamp":1543813518000},"page":"291-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Are endocasts good proxies for brain size and shape in archosaurs throughout ontogeny?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5057-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akinobu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury NY USA"},{"name":"Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA"},{"name":"Richard Gilder Graduate School American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Vertebrates Division Natural History Museum London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Gignac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences Tulsa OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy 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