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The richness of the fossil record and the multitude of developmental studies have provided a stepwise reconstruction of this evolutionary innovation, highlighting the homology between the quadrate, articular, pre\u2010articular and angular bones of early synapsids with the incus, malleus, gonial and ectotympanic bones of derived mammals, respectively. There are several aspects involved in this functional exaptation: (i) an increase of the masticatory musculature; (ii) the separation of the quadrate bone from the cranium; and (iii) the disconnection of the post\u2010dentary bones from the dentary. Here, we compared the jaw\u2010otic complex for 43 synapsid taxa using anatomical network analysis, showing that the disconnection of mandibular bones was a key step in the mammalian middle ear evolution, changing the skull anatomical modularity concomitant to the acquisition of new functions. Furthermore, our analysis allows the identification of three types of anatomical modules evolving through five evolutionary stages during the anatomical transformation of the jawbones into middle ear bones, with the ossification and degradation of Meckel's cartilage in mammals as the key ontogenetic event leading the change of anatomical modularity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T12:48:37Z","timestamp":1555073317000},"page":"15-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Disconnecting bones within the jaw\u2010otic network modules underlies mammalian middle ear evolution"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Navarro\u2010D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleobiology and Theoretical 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