{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:59:33Z","timestamp":1790294373362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDPA 155521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDPA 155521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The infrapatellar fat pad (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFP<\/jats:styled-content>) is an intracapsular but extrasynovial structure, located between the patellar tendon, the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau. It consists of white adipose tissue, organised in lobules defined by thin connective septa. The aim of this study is the morphometric and ultrasonographic analysis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFP<\/jats:styled-content> in subjects without knee pathology during flexion\u2010extension movements. The morphometric study was conducted on 20 cadavers (15M, 5F, mean age 80.2\u00a0years). Ultrasound was performed on 24 volunteers with no history of knee diseases (5M, 19F, mean age: 45\u00a0years). The characteristics of the adipose lobules near the patellar tendon and in the deep portion of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFP<\/jats:styled-content> were evaluated. Numerical models were provided, according to the size of the lobules. At histological examination, the adipose lobules located near the patellar tendon were larger (mean area 12.2\u00a0mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.3) than those at a deeper level (mean area 1.34\u00a0mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and the thickness of the septa of the deepest adipose lobules (mean value 0.35\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.32) was greater than that of the superficial one (mean value 0.29\u00a0mm\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.25, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). At <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ultrasound<\/jats:styled-content>, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFP<\/jats:styled-content> was seen to be composed of very large lobules in the superficial part (mean area 0.29\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.17 in extension), with a significant reduction in flexion (mean area 0.12\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.07, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). The deep lobules were smaller (mean area 0.11\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.08 in extension) and did not change their values (mean area 0.19\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.52 in flexion, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). In the sagittal plane, the reduction of thickness of the superficial layer (with large adipose lobules) during flexion was 20.6%, whereas that of the deep layer (with small adipose lobules) was 1.3%. Numerical simulation of vertical loads, corresponding to flexion of the knee, showed that stress mainly developed within the interlobular septa and opposed bulging of the lobules. The characteristics of the lobular arrangement of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFP<\/jats:styled-content> (large lobules with superficial septa in the superficial part and small lobules with thick septa in the deep one), significant changes in the areas and perimeters of the superficial lobules, and the reduced thickness of the superficial layer during flexion all indicate the dynamic role played by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFP<\/jats:styled-content> in knee kinematics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T07:41:06Z","timestamp":1554363666000},"page":"80-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The characteristics of the lobular arrangement indicate the dynamic role played by the infrapatellar fat pad in knee kinematics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2335-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Macchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgardo Enrico Edoardo","family":"Picardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara Giulia","family":"Fontanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Porzionato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-4555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Stecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Tortorella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Favero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit Department of Medicine\u2010DIMED University Hospital of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Natali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-0277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"De Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials University of Padova Padova 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