{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:54:39Z","timestamp":1780930479933,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["112186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112186"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["UID 72310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID 72310"]}]},{"name":"Erasmus Mundus program \u2018A European and South African Partnership on Heritage and Past+\u2019"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our knowledge of human brain evolution primarily relies on the interpretation of palaeoneurological evidence. In this context, an endocast or replica of the inside of the bony braincase can be used to reconstruct a timeline of cerebral changes that occurred during human evolution, including changes in topographic extension and structural organisation of cortical areas. These changes can be tracked by identifying cerebral imprints, particularly cortical sulci. The description of these crucial landmarks in fossil endocasts is, however, challenging. High\u2010resolution imaging techniques in palaeoneurology offer new opportunities for tracking detailed endocranial neural characteristics. In this study, we use high\u2010resolution imaging techniques to document the variation in extant human endocranial sulcal patterns for subsequent use as a platform for comparison with the fossil record. We selected 20 extant human crania from the Pretoria Bone Collection (University of Pretoria, South Africa), which were detailed using X\u2010ray microtomography at a spatial resolution ranging from 94 to 123\u00a0\u03bcm (isometric). We used <jats:sc>Endex<\/jats:sc> to extract, and <jats:sc>Matlab<\/jats:sc> to analyse the cortical imprints on the endocasts. We consistently identified superior, middle and inferior sulci on the frontal lobe; and superior and inferior sulci on the temporal lobe. We were able to label sulci bordering critical functional areas such as Broca's cap. Mapping the sulcal patterns on extant endocasts is a prerequisite for constructing an atlas which can be used for automatic sulci recognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T16:54:07Z","timestamp":1560790447000},"page":"803-810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sulcal pattern variation in extant human endocasts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3199-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin J.","family":"de Jager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert N.","family":"van Schoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakobus W.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Pelindaba South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Oettl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Fonta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse UPS Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Mescam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse UPS Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Risser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute de math\u00e9matiques de Toulouse Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse UPS Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9363-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Beaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20362"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.1.JNS11978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990920)412:2<319::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00427"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-56582-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"46","volume-title":"European Society for the Study of Human Evolution","author":"Beaudet A","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26879\/805"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-56582-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1203922"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000619)422:1<35::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"External morphology of the primate brain","author":"Connolly CJ","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6792-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"EberstallerO. 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