{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:41:04Z","timestamp":1790365264821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here we present detailed regional bone thickness and cross\u2010sectional measurements from full adult ribs using high resolution <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> scans processed with a cortical bone mapping technique. Sixth ribs from 33 subjects ranging from 24 to 99\u00a0years of age were used to produce average cortical bone thickness maps and to provide average\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> corridors for expected cross\u2010section properties (cross\u2010sectional areas and inertial moments) as a function of rib length. Results obtained from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> data were validated at specific rib locations using direct measurements from cut sections. Individual thickness measurements from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> had an accuracy (mean error) and precision (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> error) of \u22120.013\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.167\u00a0mm (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> coefficient of determination of 0.84). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based measurement errors for rib cross\u2010sectional geometry were \u22120.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.1% (cortical bone cross\u2010sectional area) and 4.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.8% (total cross\u2010sectional area). Rib cortical bone thickness maps show the expected regional variation across a typical rib's surface. The local mid\u2010rib maxima in cortical thickness along the pleural rib aspect ranged from range 0.9 to 2.6\u00a0mm across the study population with an average map maximum of 1.4\u00a0mm. Along the cutaneous aspect, rib cortical bone thickness ranged from 0.7 to 1.9\u00a0mm with an average map thickness of 0.9\u00a0mm. Average cross\u2010sectional properties show a steady reduction in total cortical bone area from 10% along the rib's length through to the sternal end, whereas overall cross\u2010sectional area remains relatively constant along the majority of the rib's length before rising steeply towards the sternal end. On average, male ribs contained more cortical bone within a given cross\u2010section than was seen for female ribs. Importantly, however, this difference was driven by male ribs having larger overall cross\u2010sectional areas, rather than by sex differences in the bone thickness observed at specific local cortex sites. The cortical bone thickness results here can be used directly to improve the accuracy of current human body and rib models. Furthermore, the measurement corridors obtained from adult subjects across a wide age range can be used to validate future measurements from more widely available image sources such as clinical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> where gold standard reference measures (e.g. such as direct measurements obtained from cut sections) are otherwise unobtainable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T13:30:26Z","timestamp":1561123826000},"page":"883-891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Regional maps of rib cortical bone thickness and cross\u2010sectional geometry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0795-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven A.","family":"Holcombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphomics Analysis Group University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun\u2010Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Derstine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphomics Analysis Group University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart C.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphomics Analysis Group University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Agnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0875-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Sources of variability in structural bending response of pediatric and adult human ribs in dynamic frontal impacts","volume":"62","author":"Agnew AM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Morphologic characteristics of Korean elderly rib","volume":"2","author":"Choi H\u2010Y","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Automot Saf Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChoiHY HanJ ParkY et\u00a0al. 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