{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:52:20Z","timestamp":1789613540065,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Von Economo neurons (\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s) are modified pyramidal neurons characterized by an extremely elongated rod\u2010shaped soma. They are abundant in layer V of the anterior cingulate cortex (\n ACC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and fronto\u2010insular cortex (\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) of the human brain, and have long been described as a human\u2010specific neuron type. Recently,\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s have been reported in the\n ACC<\/jats:styled-content>\n of apes and the\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n of macaque monkeys. The first description of the somato\u2010dendritic morphology of\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s in the\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n by Cajal in 1899 (Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y de los Vertebrados, Tomo II. Madrid: Nicolas Moya) strongly suggested that they were a unique neuron subtype with specific morphological features. It is surprising that a clarification of this extremely important observation has not yet been attempted, especially as possible misidentification of other oval or fusiform cells as\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s has become relevant in many recently published studies. Here, we analyzed sections of Brodmann area 24 (\n ACC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) stained with rapid Golgi and Golgi\u2010Cox in five adult human specimens, and confirmed Cajal's observations. In addition, we established a comprehensive morphological description of\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s.\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s have a distinct somato\u2010dendritic morphology that allows their clear distinction from other modified pyramidal neurons. We established that\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s have a perpendicularly oriented, stick\u2010shaped core part consisting of the cell body and two thick extensions \u2013 an apical and basal stem. The perpendicular length of the core part was 150\u2013250\u00a0\u03bcm and the thickness was 10\u201321\u00a0\u03bcm. The core part was characterized by a lack of clear demarcation between the cell body and the two extensions. Numerous thin, spiny and horizontally oriented side dendrites arose from the cell body. The basal extension of the core part typically ended by giving numerous smaller dendrites with a brush\u2010like branching pattern. The apical extension had a topology typical for apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons. The dendrites arising from the core part\u00a0had a high dendritic spine density. The most distinct feature of\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s was the distant origin site of the axon, which arose from the ending of the basal extension, often having a common origin with a dendrite. Quantitative analysis found that\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s could be divided into two groups based on total dendritic length \u2013 small\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s with a peak total dendritic length of 1500\u20132500\u00a0\u03bcm and large\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s with a peak total dendritic length of 5000\u20136000\u00a0\u03bcm. Comparative morphological analysis of\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s and other oval and fusiform modified pyramidal neurons showed that on Nissl sections small\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s might be difficult to identify, and that oval and fusiform neurons could be misidentified as\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s. Our analysis of Golgi slides of Brodmann area 9 from a total of 32 adult human subjects revealed only one cell resembling\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n morphology. Thus, our data show that the numerous recent reports on the presence of\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s in non\u2010primates in other layers and regions of the cortex need further confirmation by showing the dendritic and axonal morphology of these cells. In conclusion, our study provides a foundation for further comprehensive morphological and functional studies on\n VEN<\/jats:styled-content>\n s between different species.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:12:26Z","timestamp":1566432746000},"page":"651-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Somato\u2010dendritic morphology and axon origin site specify von Economo neurons as a subclass of modified pyramidal neurons in the human anterior cingulate cortex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Banovac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy School of Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research School of Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence 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Croatia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience School of Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dubravko","family":"Jal\u0161ovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy School of Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7897-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Jovanov Milo\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research School of Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience School of Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology School of Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb 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