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With additional structures revealed by micro\u2010computerized tomography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>) and X\u2010ray micro\u2010computed laminography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content>), we provide a detailed description of these minuscule bones. The stapes in the two species of <jats:italic>Arboroharamiya<\/jats:italic> are similar in having a strong process for insertion of the stapedius muscle. The incus is similar in having an almond\u2010shaped body and a slim short process, in addition to a robust stapedial process with a short lenticular process preserved in <jats:italic>A.\u00a0allinhopsoni<\/jats:italic>. The plate\u2010like ectotympanic in the two species of <jats:italic>Arboroharamiya<\/jats:italic> is similar and comparable to that of <jats:italic>Qishou jizantang<\/jats:italic>. The surangular in the two species has a fan\u2010shaped body and a needle\u2010shaped anterior process. The malleus, ectotympanic, and surangular are fully detached from the dentary and should have functioned exclusively for hearing. All the auditory bones of <jats:italic>Arboroharamiya<\/jats:italic> display unique features unknown in other mammaliaforms. Moreover, hyoid elements are found in the two species of <jats:italic>Arboroharamiya<\/jats:italic> and co\u2010exist with the five auditory bones in the holotype of <jats:italic>A.\u00a0allinhopsoni<\/jats:italic>. The element interpreted as the stylohyal is similar to the bone identified as the ectotympanic in <jats:italic>Vilevolodon<\/jats:italic>. We reconstruct the auditory apparatus of <jats:italic>Arboroharamiya<\/jats:italic> and compare it with that of <jats:italic>Vilevolodon<\/jats:italic> as well as those in extant mammals and basal mammaliaforms. The comparison shows diverse morphological patterns of the auditory region in mammaliaforms. In particular, those of <jats:italic>Vilevolodon<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Arboroharamiya<\/jats:italic> differ significantly: the former has a mandibular middle ear, whereas the latter possesses a definitive mammalian middle ear. It is puzzling that the two sympatric and dentally similar taxa have such different auditory apparatuses. In light of the available evidence, we argue that the mandibular middle ear reconstructed in <jats:italic>Vilevolodon<\/jats:italic> encounters many problems, and the so\u2010called ectotympanic in <jats:italic>Vilevolodon<\/jats:italic> may be interpreted as a stylohyal; thus, the dilemma can be resolved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T16:06:50Z","timestamp":1568045210000},"page":"50-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A comparative study on auditory and hyoid bones of Jurassic euharamiyidans and contrasting evidence for mammalian middle ear evolution"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3385-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History 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