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Here we use contrast\u2010enhanced computed tomography to generate 3D surface models of the pelvis, femora, and hip joint soft tissues in an extant archosaur, the American alligator. The hip joints were then animated using marker\u2010based X\u2010Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) to visualize soft tissue articulation during forward terrestrial locomotion. We found that the anatomical femoral head of the alligator travels beyond the cranial extent of the bony acetabulum and does not act as a central pivot, as has been suggested for some extinct archosaurs. Additionally, the fibrocartilaginous surfaces of the alligator\u2019s antitrochanter and femoral neck remain engaged during hip flexion and extension, similar to the articulation between homologous structures in birds. Moreover, the femoral insertion of the ligamentum capitis moves dorsoventrally against the membrane\u2010bound portion of the medial acetabular wall, suggesting that the inner acetabular foramen constrains the excursion of this ligament as it undergoes cyclical stretching during the step cycle. Finally, the articular surface of the femoral cartilage model interpenetrates with those of the acetabular labrum and antitrochanter menisci; we interpret such interpenetration as evidence of compressive deformation of the labrum and of sliding movement of the menisci. Our data illustrate the utility of XROMM for studying<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>articular soft tissue interactions. These results also allow us to propose functional hypotheses for crocodilian hip joint soft tissues, expanding our knowledge of vertebrate connective tissue biology and the role of joint soft tissues in locomotor behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T12:11:42Z","timestamp":1573042302000},"page":"288-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Contrast\u2010enhanced XROMM reveals<i>in vivo<\/i>soft tissue interactions in the hip of<i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1805-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry P.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1512-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan L.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armita R.","family":"Manafzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Gatesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.69B4.3611154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6275-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/248168a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/10004.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Auium","author":"Baumel JJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Auium","author":"Baumel JJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.158.1.3940370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fibrocartilage","volume":"171","author":"Benjamin M","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1780"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5779"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2001)027<0014:EOHPIN>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2004)030<0444:MAOHAF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.589","article-title":"X\u2010ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM): precision, accuracy and applications in comparative biomechanics research","volume":"313","author":"Brainerd EL","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1zxz1md.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z80-301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14772010903537732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.0367"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.09.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"CarpenterK MadsenJH&LewisA(1994)Mounting of fossil vertebrate skeletons. 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