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In this study, the endocranial cavity of the Brazilian Permian dicynodont <jats:italic>Rastodon procurvidens<\/jats:italic> is described based on a digital endocast obtained using digital imaging (X\u2010ray computed tomography) and 3D modeling. It was possible to reconstruct the brain, olfactory bulbs, inner ear, some neurovascular canals, cranial nerves, the nasal cavity, and the maxillary recesses. The endocast of <jats:italic>R. procurvidens<\/jats:italic> preserves a typical plesiomorphic morphology of non\u2010mammaliaform therapsids, being predominantly tubular and displaying a relatively short and robust hindbrain. Encephalization quotients (EQs) were calculated for <jats:italic>R. procurvidens<\/jats:italic>, resulting in EQs of 0.09\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03 and 0.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.05 (Jerison\u2019s EQ and Manger\u2019s EQ, respectively). Finally, some biological implications of the endocast morphology were inferred for <jats:italic>R. procurvidens<\/jats:italic>. Its inner ear is especially small, and its orientation implies a slightly downturned head posture in life. Furthermore, the presence of uncompressed maxillary recesses in <jats:italic>R. procurvidens<\/jats:italic> indicates a correlation between the enlargement of the recesses and the reduction of the tusks, also seen in other dicynodonts with reduced tusks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T12:06:47Z","timestamp":1572523607000},"page":"384-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Endocranial morphology of the Brazilian Permian dicynodont <i>Rastodon procurvidens<\/i> (Therapsida: Anomodontia)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1281-0281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"de Sim\u00e3o\u2010Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Paleobiologia Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Pampa (Unipampa) S\u00e3o Gabriel Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa Paleontol\u00f3gica da Quarta Col\u00f4nia (CAPPA) Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade Animal Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o do Pol\u00easine Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8139-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Kerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa Paleontol\u00f3gica da Quarta Col\u00f4nia (CAPPA) Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade Animal Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o do Pol\u00easine Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3354-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"L. Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Paleobiologia Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Pampa (Unipampa) S\u00e3o Gabriel Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cranial morphology, phylogenetic position and biogeography of the Upper Permian dicynodont Compsodon helmoedi Van Hoepen (Therapsida, Anomodontia)","volume":"2017","author":"Angielczyk KD","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"A redescription of the Triassic kannemeyeriiform dicynodont Sangusaurus (Therapsida, Anomodontia), with an analysis of its feeding system","volume":"1","author":"Angielczyk KD","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Vert Paleontol Mem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189883"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Picking up the pieces: the digital reconstruction of a destroyed holotype from its serial section drawings","volume":"19","author":"Benoit J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Palaeontol Eletron"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"777","article-title":"The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo\u2010Triassic eutheriodont therapsids","volume":"61","author":"Benoit J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"The bony labyrinth of late Permian Biarmosuchia: palaeobiology and diversity in non\u2010mammalian Therapsida","volume":"52","author":"Benoit J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palaeont Afr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000481525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079585"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"The braincase, basicranial axis, and median septum in the dinocephalia","volume":"50","author":"Boonstra LD","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann South Afr Mus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/12049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A natural cast of the inner ear of a dicynodont","volume":"2116","author":"Cox CB","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am Mus Nov"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2017.1269116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/115195a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"Ferreira\u2010CardosoS Ara\u00fajoR CastanhinhaR et al. 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