{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:11:26Z","timestamp":1787015486938,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605312000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000076","name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS\u20100617097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS\u20100617097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1503975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1503975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011199","name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["617627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["617627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trabecular bone structure in adulthood is a product of a process of modelling during ontogeny and remodelling throughout life. Insight into ontogeny is essential to understand the functional significance of trabecular bone structural variation observed in adults. The complex shape and loading of the human calcaneus provides a natural experiment to test the relationship between trabecular morphology and locomotor development. We investigated the relationship between calcaneal trabecular bone structure and predicted changes in loading related to development of gait and body size in growing children. We sampled three main trabecular regions of the calcanei using micro\u2010computed tomography scans of 35 individuals aged between neonate to adult from the Norris Farms #36 site (1300 AD, USA) and from Cambridge (1200\u20131500\u00a0AD, UK). Trabecular properties were calculated in volumes of interest placed beneath the calcaneocuboid joint, plantar ligaments, and posterior talar facet. At birth, thin trabecular struts are arranged in a dense and relatively isotropic structure. Bone volume fraction strongly decreases in the first year of life, whereas anisotropy and mean trabecular thickness increase. Dorsal compressive trabecular bands appear around the onset of bipedal walking, although plantar tensile bands develop prior to predicted propulsive toe\u2010off. Bone volume fraction and anisotropy increase until the age of 8, when gait has largely matured. Connectivity density gradually reduces, whereas trabeculae gradually thicken from birth until adulthood. This study demonstrates that three different regions of the calcaneus develop into distinct adult morphologies through varying developmental trajectories. These results are similar to previous reports of ontogeny in human long bones and are suggestive of a relationship between the mechanical environment and trabecular bone architecture in the human calcaneus during growth. However, controlled experiments combined with more detailed biomechanical models of gait maturation are necessary to establish skeletal markers linking growth to loading. This has the potential to be a novel source of information for understanding loading levels, activity patterns, and perhaps life history in the fossil record.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T08:54:34Z","timestamp":1573721674000},"page":"474-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Baby steps towards linking calcaneal trabecular bone ontogeny and the development of bipedal human gait"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3209-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap P. P.","family":"Saers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University State College PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay T.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Archaeology Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2000.00172.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(03)00064-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Indian Mounds of Wisconsin","author":"Birmingham R","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Patterns of Human Growth","author":"Bogin B","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Handbuch der vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen","author":"Br\u00e4uer G","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.44.2.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(91)90068-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316388907.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00357-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Skeletal Function and Form: Mechanobiology of Skeletal Development, Aging and Regeneration","author":"Carter DR","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"The Old Divinity School, Cambridge. An Archaeological Excavation","author":"Cessford C","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00665983.2014.984960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-011-0327-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400849505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23725"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.10.3.479"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"Proconsul Heseloni feet from Rusinga Island, Kenya","author":"Dunsworth HM","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092400402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092400403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(57)91789-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00242-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2003.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1318904"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200003000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20548"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","volume-title":"Patterns in Ontogeny of Human Trabecular bone from Sunwatch Village in the Prehistoric Ohio valley","author":"Gosman J","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A CT\u2010image\u2010based framework for the holistic analysis of cortical and trabecular bone morphology","volume":"17","author":"Gross T","year":"2014","journal-title":"Palaeontol Electron"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90257-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.23.2.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12446"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4070.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/242247a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","volume-title":"Whittle\u2019s Gait Analysis","author":"Levine D","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.26.1.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.10.3908"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Archaeological investigations at the Morton Village and Norris Farms 36 cemetery","author":"Milner GR","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B6.0820910"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.4.760"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","volume-title":"The English medieval hospital 1070\u20131570","author":"Orne N","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00353-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PivonkaP ParkA ForwoodMR(2018)Functional adaptation of bone: the mechanostat and beyond. In:CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences Courses and Lectures. (eds.PivonkaP) pp.1\u2013287 Cham:Springerhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-58845-2_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58845-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01487.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","volume-title":"Human Walking","author":"Rose J","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Role of skeletal muscle in mandible development","volume":"29","author":"Rot I","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2003.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Mechanical adaptation of the trabecular bone in the growing human femur and humerus","volume":"44","author":"Ryan TM","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","volume-title":"The 84th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists","author":"Ryan T","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316388907.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.102654"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00724-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","volume-title":"Archaeological Investigations at the Morton Village and Norris Farms 36 Cemetery","author":"Santure SK","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","volume-title":"Juvenile Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual","author":"Schaefer M","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","volume-title":"The Juvenile Skeleton","author":"Scheuer L","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1975.tb04955.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1976.tb04202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(97)00029-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062030-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00464-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199911)110:3<365::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","first-page":"218","volume-title":"5th Annual Meeting of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution","author":"Tardieu C","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.6.1126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","volume-title":"Ontogeny of Bipedalism: Pedal Mechanics and Trabecular Bone Morphology","author":"Zeininger AD","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.09.027"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjoa.13120","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13120","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joa.13120","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13120","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T20:11:43Z","timestamp":1693858303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.13120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.13120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.13120","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-10-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}