{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:32:13Z","timestamp":1791869533215,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]],"date-time":"2019-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR\u201016\u2010CE33\u20100025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR\u201016\u2010CE33\u20100025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The head\u2212neck system of birds is a highly complex structure that performs a variety of demanding and competing tasks. Morphofunctional adaptations to feeding specializations have previously been identified in the head and neck, but performance is also influenced by other factors such as its phylogenetic history. In order to minimize the effects of this factor, we here analyzed the anatomy of three closely related vultures that distinctly differ in feeding strategy. Vultures, as obligate scavengers, have occupied a special ecological niche by exclusively feeding on carrion. However, competition among sympatric vultures led to ecological differences such as preference of certain types of food from a carcass. Via comparative dissections we systematically described the craniocervical anatomy in the Griffon vulture (\n                    <jats:italic>Gyps fulvus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), the Cinereous vulture (\n                    <jats:italic>Aegypius monachus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the Hooded vulture (\n                    <jats:italic>Necrosyrtes monachus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) that exploit the same food resources in different ways. Our results revealed differences in the number of cervical vertebrae, in the morphology of the atlas\u2212axis complex as well as in the neck musculature despite overall similarities in the musculoskeletal system. Gulpers, rippers and scrappers adopt specific postures while feeding from a carcass, but the cervical vertebral column is indispensable to position the head during all kinds of behavior. The great range of demands may explain the conservation of the overall muscle topography of the neck across the studied taxa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T02:12:47Z","timestamp":1577671967000},"page":"701-723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Gulper, ripper and scrapper: anatomy of the neck in three species of vultures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"B\u00f6hmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MECADEV UMR 7179 CNRS\/MNHN D\u00e9partement Adaptations du Vivant Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocerand","family":"Prevoteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MECADEV UMR 7179 CNRS\/MNHN D\u00e9partement Adaptations du Vivant Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1868-9750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Duriez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 CNRS\u2010Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier\u2010EPHE\u2010Universit\u00e9 Paul Valery Montpellier Cedex 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7238-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anick","family":"Abourachid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MECADEV UMR 7179 CNRS\/MNHN D\u00e9partement Adaptations du Vivant Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Handbook of avian anatomy: nomina anatomica avium","author":"Baumel JJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00249908"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195068207.001.0001","volume-title":"The Head\u2010Neck Sensory Motor System","author":"Berthoz A","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Biologisch\u2010anatomische Studien \u00fcber den Hals der V\u00f6gel","volume":"9","author":"Boas JEV","year":"1929","journal-title":"Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"455","volume-title":"On the correlation between the cervical muscles and the structure of the skull in Phasianus colchicus L. and Perdix perdix L. 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