{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T20:02:38Z","timestamp":1760385758840,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,29]],"date-time":"2019-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000303","name":"Inspire Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000303","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ribs are seldom affected by developmental disorders, however, multiple defects in rib structure are observed in the spliceosomal disease cerebro\u2010costo\u2010mandibular syndrome (CCMS). These defects include rib gaps, found in the posterior part of the costal shaft in multiple ribs, as well as missing ribs, shortened ribs and abnormal costotransverse articulations, which result in inadequate ventilation at birth and high perinatal mortality. The genetic mechanism of CCMS is a loss\u2010of\u2010function mutation in <jats:italic>SNRPB<\/jats:italic>, a component of the major spliceosome, and knockdown of this gene <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> affects the activity of the Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether altering these pathways <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> can recapitulate rib gaps and other rib abnormalities in the model animal<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Chick embryos were implanted with beads soaked in Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin and BMP pathway modulators during somitogenesis, and incubated until the ribs were formed. Some embryos were harvested in the preceding days for analysis of the chondrogenic marker <jats:italic>Sox9,<\/jats:italic> to determine whether pathway modulation affected somite patterning or chondrogenesis. Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin inhibition manifested characteristic rib phenotypes seen in CCMS, including rib gaps (<jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) and missing ribs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). BMP pathway activation did not cause rib gaps but yielded missing rib (<jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01) and shortened rib phenotypes (<jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05). A strong association with vertebral phenotypes was also noted with BMP4 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001), including scoliosis (<jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05), a feature associated with CCMS. Reduced expression of <jats:italic>Sox9<\/jats:italic> was detected with Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin inhibition, indicating that inhibition of chondrogenesis precipitated the rib defects in the presence of Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin inhibitors. BMP pathway activators also reduced <jats:italic>Sox9<\/jats:italic> expression, indicating an interruption of somite patterning in the manifestation of rib defects with BMP4. The present study demonstrates that local inhibition of the Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin and activation of the BMP pathway can recapitulate rib defects, such as those observed in CCMS. The balance of Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin and BMP in the somite is vital for correct rib morphogenesis, and alteration of the activity of these two pathways in CCMS may perturb this balance during somite patterning, leading to the observed rib defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T02:06:45Z","timestamp":1577671605000},"page":"931-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Local modulation of the Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways recapitulates rib defects analogous to cerebro\u2010costo\u2010mandibular syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4804-9343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedict R. 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