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The aim of this study was to establish if its middle ear is specially adapted to the subterranean environment, through comparison with more epigeic relatives of the groups Euphractinae (<jats:italic>Chaetophractus villosus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Chaetophractus vellerosus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Zaedyus pichiy<\/jats:italic>) and Dasypodinae (<jats:italic>Dasypus hybridus<\/jats:italic>). We examined the middle ears using micro\u2010computed tomography and subsequent three\u2010dimensional reconstructions. <jats:italic>D. hybridus<\/jats:italic> has a relatively small middle ear cavity, an incomplete bulla and \u2018ancestral\u2019 ossicular morphology. The other species, including <jats:italic>Chlamyphorus<\/jats:italic>, have fully ossified bullae and middle ear ossicles, with a morphology between \u2018transitional\u2019 and \u2018freely mobile\u2019, but in all armadillos the malleus retains a long anterior process. Unusual features of armadillo ears include the lack of a pedicellate lenticular apophysis and the presence, in some species, of an element of Paaw within the stapedius muscle. In common with many subterranean mammals, <jats:italic>Chlamyphorus<\/jats:italic> has a relatively flattened malleo\u2010incudal articulation and appears to lack a functional tensor tympani muscle. Its middle ear cavity is not unusually enlarged, and its middle ear ossicles seem less robust than those of the other armadillos studied. In comparison with the euphractines, there is no reason to believe that the middle ear of this species is specially adapted to the subterranean environment; some aspects may even be indicative of degeneration. The screaming hairy armadillo, <jats:italic>Chaetophractus vellerosus<\/jats:italic>, has the most voluminous middle ear in both relative and absolute terms. Its hypertrophied middle ear cavity likely represents an adaptation to low\u2010frequency hearing in arid rather than subterranean conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T05:41:26Z","timestamp":1580362886000},"page":"809-826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The middle ear of the pink fairy armadillo <i>Chlamyphorus truncatus<\/i> (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae): comparison with armadillo relatives using computed tomography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5594-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Basso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Anatom\u00eda Comparada Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Bioqu\u00edmica y Farmacia Universidad Nacional del Sur Bah\u00eda Blanca Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Biom\u00e9dicas del Sur (INBIOSUR) Universidad Nacional del Sur y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) Bah\u00eda Blanca Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora S.","family":"Sidorkewicj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Anatom\u00eda Comparada Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Bioqu\u00edmica y Farmacia Universidad Nacional del Sur Bah\u00eda Blanca Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Biom\u00e9dicas del Sur (INBIOSUR) Universidad Nacional del Sur y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) Bah\u00eda Blanca Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma B.","family":"Casanave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Biom\u00e9dicas del Sur (INBIOSUR) Universidad Nacional del Sur y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) Bah\u00eda Blanca Argentina"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Fisiolog\u00eda Animal Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Bioqu\u00edmica y Farmacia Universidad Nacional del Sur Bah\u00eda Blanca Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mammalia-2011-0089"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"215","volume-title":"The Biology of the Xenarthra","author":"Aguiar JM","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyz108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/07-MAMM-A-401.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10411"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69276-8_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Atlas clim\u00e1tico digital de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina","author":"Bianchi AR","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyv074"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Eye reduction in subterranean mammals and eye protective behavior in Ctenomys","volume":"9","author":"Borghi CE","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neotrop Mammal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5537\/020.012.0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(89)90042-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052140104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"120","volume-title":"The Biology of the Xenarthra","author":"Casanave EB","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"The Auditory Periphery. 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