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Reduced skeletal muscle mass in the fetus with IUGR persists into adulthood and may contribute to increased metabolic disease risk. To investigate skeletal muscle postnatal development, histomorphometrical patterns of the semitendinosus muscle, myosin heavy chain (MyHC; embryonic I, IIA, IIB and IIX isoforms) fiber composition and the relative expression of genes related to myogenesis, adipogenesis and growth during three specific periods: postnatal myogenesis (newborn to 100\u00a0days old), hypertrophy (100\u2013150\u00a0days old), and postnatal development (newborn to 150\u00a0days old) were evaluated in female pigs with IUGR and normal birth weight (NW) female littermates. NW females presented higher body weights compared to their IUGR counterparts at all ages evaluated (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Moreover, growth restriction\n                    <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    affected the semitendinosus muscle weight, muscle fiber diameter, and muscle cross\u2010sectional area, which were smaller in IUGR pigs at birth (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Notwithstanding the effects on muscle morphology, IUGR also affected muscle fiber composition, as the percentage of MyHC\u2010I myofibers was higher at birth (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), and, in 150\u2010day\u2010old gilts, a lower percentage of MyHC\u2010IIX isoform (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and the presence of embryonic MyHC isoform were also observed. Regarding the pattern of gene expression in both the postnatal myogenesis and postnatal development periods, IUGR led to the downregulation of myogenic factors, which delayed skeletal muscle myogenesis (\n                    <jats:italic>PAX7<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MYOD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MYOG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MYF5<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>DES<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Altogether, growth restriction\n                    <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    affects muscle fiber number and size at birth and muscle fiber composition through the downregulation of myogenic factors, which determines the individual\u00b4s postnatal growth rate. This fact, associated with delayed myofiber development in growth\u2010restricted animals, may affect meat quality characteristics in animal production. Hence, knowledge of the morphofunctional phenotype of the skeletal muscle throughout postnatal development in individuals with IUGR, and the mechanism that governs it, may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that limit postnatal muscle growth, and help the establishment of potential strategies to improve muscle development and prevent the onset of later\u2010life metabolic diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T00:38:53Z","timestamp":1580344733000},"page":"840-853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Postnatal development of skeletal muscle in pigs with intrauterine growth restriction: morphofunctional phenotype and molecular mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-9854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Felicioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7765-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia D.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre L.","family":"Caldeira\u2010Brant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7032-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais G.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1462-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais M. D.","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8248-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Magnabosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5302-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando P.","family":"Bortolozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8762-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Tsoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7894-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael K.","family":"Dyck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9556-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5390-5266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika C.","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7523-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helio","family":"Chiarini\u2010Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda R. 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