{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:37:04Z","timestamp":1792190224210,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) is an extrasynovial, intracapsular, adipose body occupying the space in the knee joint between the inferior border of the patella, the femoral condyles, tibial plateau and patellar tendon. Little is known about the anatomy and normal function of the IFP, but it has been suggested to play a role in the aetiology of Anterior knee pain syndrome, including that associated with osteoarthritis. Forty\u2010three knees from 11 male and 15 female embalmed cadavers (mean age 84\u00a0years; range 55\u201397\u00a0years) were investigated. The cadavers were donated and the study performed in compliance with the provisions of the UK Human Tissue Act (2004). The quadriceps tendon and the medial and lateral patellar retinacula were dissected from the patella, which was then reflected antero\u2010distally. The IFP was carefully excised and details of its morphology and attachments to components of the knee joint were recorded, together with the presence of articular surface pathology on the patella and femoral condyles. The principal novel findings of the current study were that 81% of IFPs were attached to the superior border of the patella by supero\u2010medial extensions and 65% were attached by supero\u2010lateral extensions; the supero\u2010medial extensions were larger than the supero\u2010lateral extensions. The superior extensions of the IFP were always attached anteriorly to the patellar retinacula and in four individuals the extensions formed a full loop around the superior border of the patella. The volume of IFPs with attachments to the superior border of the patella was significantly greater (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.007) than those without, and the IFP was attached to the medial meniscus in significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.009) more knees with IFP attachment to the superior border of the patella than those without. All IFPs were attached to the medial anterior horn of the meniscus and the medial Kaplan\u2019s ligament. Ninety\u2010seven per\u00a0cent were attached to the lateral anterior horn of the meniscus and 97% to the lateral Kaplan\u2019s ligament. The length of IFP attachment to the lateral meniscus was significantly longer (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.004) than that to the medial meniscus. Ninety\u2010seven per cent of IFPs were attached to the superior portion of the patellar tendon with the mean tendon attachment being 60%. Ninety\u2010one per\u00a0cent of IFPs were attached to the inferior border of the patella. Significantly fewer knees with patellar (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.001) and femoral (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.002) articular surface osteophytes exhibited superior IFP extensions and these extensions were significantly shorter in knees with patellar (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.000) and femoral (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.006) osteophytes, compared with those without. The IFP was attached to the medial meniscus in significantly fewer knees with femoral (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.050) and patellar (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0.023) osteophytes than those without. All IFPs not attached to the anterior horn of the lateral menisci, medial Kaplan\u2019s ligament, superior patella or inferior border of the patella, were in knees with articular surface osteophytes. This relationship between IFP morphology and knee joint pathology suggests a functional role for the IFP that requires further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T05:06:26Z","timestamp":1583903186000},"page":"20-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["An investigation of the anatomy of the infrapatellar fat pad and its possible involvement in anterior pain syndrome: a cadaveric study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Jack","family":"Leese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy Unit Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9198-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Ceri","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy Unit Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-007-0427-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1104-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(99)91177-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001670100234"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00162-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(02)00026-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.034215"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504263946"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"592","article-title":"Distribution of substance\u2010P nerves inside the infrapatellar fat pad and the adjacent synovial tissue: a neurohistological approach to anterior knee pain syndrome","volume":"125","author":"Bohnsack M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archiv fur orthopadische und Unfall\u2010Chirurgie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5514.628"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Intraarticular injection of arthritogenic factor causes mast cell degranulation, inflammation, fat necrosis, and synovial hyperplasia","volume":"59","author":"Caulfield J.P.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Localized pigmented villonodular synovitis involving the fat pad of the knee","volume":"13","author":"Choi N.H.","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Knee Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2004.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01334.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200209000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"142","article-title":"The blood supply of the synovial membrane and intra\u2010articular structures","volume":"2","author":"Davies D.V.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"The structure and weight of synovial fat pads","volume":"95","author":"Davies D.V.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23054"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2014.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-3128-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei270"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0160(97)00017-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"The fat pad. 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