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The petrosal of <jats:italic>Ocepeia<\/jats:italic> displays some remarkable, probably derived features (among eutherians) such as relatively small pars cochlearis, pars canalicularis labyrinth (including small semicircular canals), a large wing\u2010like pars mastoidea, a large and inflated tegmen tympani, and the dorsoventral orientation of the large canal for the ramus superior. The presence of small semicircular canals in <jats:italic>Ocepeia<\/jats:italic> is an interesting shared trait with tenrecoidean afrotherians. Otherwise, and consistent with a general primitive skull morphology, the middle ear and labyrinth of <jats:italic>Ocepeia daouiensis<\/jats:italic> is characterised by many plesiomorphic traits close to the eutherian generalised plan. This adds to the rather generalised morphology of the earliest crown paenungulates such as <jats:italic>Eritherium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Phosphatherium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Seggeurius<\/jats:italic> to support an ancestral paenungulatomorph morphotype poorly derived from the eutherian pattern. As a result, <jats:italic>Ocepeia<\/jats:italic> provides key morphological and fossil data to test phylogenetic relationships of the Afrotheria (including Paenungulatomorpha) at the placental root mostly inferred from molecular studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T20:17:50Z","timestamp":1596226670000},"page":"595-611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Petrosal and bony labyrinth morphology of the stem paenungulate mammal (Paenungulatomorpha) <i>Ocepeia daouiensis<\/i> from the Paleocene of Morocco"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"240","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3355-458X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Gheerbrant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CR2P Centre de Recherche en Pal\u00e9ontologie Paris UMR 7207 (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne 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