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Of these, traditional plastic models have been shown to be effective educational tools, yet have significant drawbacks such as a lack of anatomical detail and texturisation. Three\u2010dimensional (3D) printed models stand to solve these problems and widen access to high\u2010quality anatomical teaching. This paper outlines the use of 3D multi\u2010planar imaging (CT and MRI) as a framework to develop an accurate model of the retroperitoneum. CT and MRI scans were used to construct a virtual 3D model of the retroperitoneum. This was printed locally as a full\u2010size colour model for use in medical education. We give a complete account of the processes and software used. This study is amongst the first of a series in which we will document the newly formed <jats:italic>Oxford Library of Anatomy<\/jats:italic>. This series will provide the methodology for the production of models from CT and MRI scans, and the Oxford Library of Anatomy will provide a complete series of some of the most complex anatomical areas and ones which degrade quickly when a real cadaver is being used. In our own internal experience, the models are highly accurate, reproducible and durable, as compared to prosected specimens. We hope they will form an important adjunct in the teaching of the subject.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T19:49:56Z","timestamp":1595620196000},"page":"1177-1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Producing 3D printed high\u2010fidelity retroperitoneal models from in vivo patient data: The Oxford Method"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"237","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Smillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D LifePrints Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas D. 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