{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:34:46Z","timestamp":1790688886093,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cortical bone and its microstructure are crucial for bone strength, especially at the long bone diaphysis. However, it is still not well\u2010defined how imaging procedures can be used as predictive tools for mechanical bone properties. This study evaluated the capability of several high\u2010resolution imaging techniques to capture cortical bone morphology and assessed the correlation with the bone's mechanical properties. The microstructural properties (cortical thickness [Ct.Th], porosity [Ct.Po], area [Ct.Ar]) of 11 female tibial diaphysis (40\u201390\u00a0years) were evaluated by dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry (DXA), high\u2010resolution peripheral\u2010quantitative\u2010computed\u2010tomography (HR\u2010pQCT), micro\u2010CT (\u03bcCT) and histomorphometry. Stiffness and maximal torque to failure were determined by mechanical testing. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010Scores determined by DXA ranged from 0.6 to \u22125.6 and a lower <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010Score was associated with a decrease in Ct.Th (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.001) while the Ct.Po (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.007) increased, and this relationship was independent of the imaging method. With decreasing <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010Score, histology showed an increase in Ct.Po from the endosteal to the periosteal side (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001) and an exponential increase in the ratio of osteons at rest to those after remodelling. However, compared to histomorphometry, HR\u2010pQCT and \u03bcCT underestimated Ct.Po and Ct.Th. A lower <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010Score was also associated with significantly reduced stiffness (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.031) and maximal torque (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006). Improving the accuracy of Ct.Po and Ct.Th did not improve prediction of the mechanical properties, which was most closely related to geometry (Ct.Ar). The ex\u2010vivo evaluation of mechanical properties correlated with all imaging modalities, with Ct.Th and Ct.Po highly correlated with the <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010Score of the tibial diaphysis. Cortical microstructural changes were underestimated with the lower resolution of HR\u2010pQCT and \u03bcCT compared to the histological \u2018gold standard\u2019. The increased accuracy did not result in an improved prediction for local bone strength in this study, which however might be related to the limited number of specimens and thus needs to be evaluated in a larger collective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T03:27:11Z","timestamp":1603250831000},"page":"669-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cortical parameters predict bone strength at the tibial diaphysis, but are underestimated by HR\u2010pQCT and \u03bcCT compared to histomorphometry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3716-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Schmidutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Munich (LMU) Munich Germany"},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen BG Trauma Center T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Milz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy II University of Munich (LMU) Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Schiuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Windolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph M.","family":"Sprecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.091104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650091203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-003-0071-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0188-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00205-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00159-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23435"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.091020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0808-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0478-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1148-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00802-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.061206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3689813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60320-0"}],"container-title":["Journal 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