{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:31:16Z","timestamp":1790818276681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC\u20102016\u2010STG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC\u20102016\u2010STG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limb long bones are essential to an animal's locomotion, and are thus expected to be heavily influenced by factors such as mass or habitat. Because they are often the only organs preserved in the fossil record, understanding their adaptive trends is key to reconstructing the paleobiology of fossil taxa. In this regard, the Bovidae has always been a prized group of study. This family is extremely diverse in terms of both mass and habitat, and it is expected that their bones will possess adaptations to both factors. Here, we present the first 3D geometric morphometric study focusing on bovid limb long bones. We used anatomical landmarks as well as curve and surface sliding semi\u2010landmarks to accurately describe the stylopod and zeugopod bones. We included 50 species from ten of the twelve currently recognized tribes of bovids, ranging from 4.6 to 725\u00a0kg, and living in open plains, forests, mountains, or anywhere in\u2010between. Shape data were correlated with the mean mass of the species and its habitat, even when taking into account the phylogenetic history of our sample. Bones pertaining to heavy species are more robust, adapted for a better repartition of stronger forces. Articulations are especially affected, being proportionally much larger in heavier species. Muscle insertion areas are unevenly affected. Insertion areas of muscles implied in body support and propulsion show a strong increase in their robustness when compared to insertion areas of muscles acting on the limb mostly when it is off the ground. Habitat influences the shape of the humerus, the radius\u2010ulna, and the femur, but not of the tibia, whether the phylogeny is taken into account or not. Specific habitats tend to be associated with particular features on the bones. Articulations are proportionally wider in open\u2010habitat species, and the insertion areas of muscles involved in limb extension and propulsion are wider, reflecting the fact that open habitat species are more cursorial and rely on fast running to avoid predators. Forest and mountain species generally present similar adaptations for increased manoeuvrability, such as a round femoral head, and generally have more gracile bones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T01:23:07Z","timestamp":1605748987000},"page":"886-904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Effect of mass and habitat on the shape of limb long bones: A morpho\u2010functional investigation on Bovidae (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyril","family":"Etienne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7179 M\u00e9canismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV) Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9a","family":"Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7179 M\u00e9canismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV) Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4182-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Cornette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7205 Institut de Syst\u00e9matique, Evolution, Biodiversit\u00e9 (ISYEB) Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Universit\u00e9 des Antilles Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8789-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Houssaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7179 M\u00e9canismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV) Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12463"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Geomorph: Geometric morphometric analyses for 2D\/3D data","author":"Adams D.C.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"A field comes of age: geometric morphometrics in the 21st century","volume":"24","author":"Adams D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Agisoft PhotoScan Professional","author":"Agisoft LLC","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1981.tb04600.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Artec studio professional","author":"Artec 3D","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques. Tome 1: ost\u00e9ologie","author":"Barone R.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques. Tome 2: arthrologie et myologie","author":"Barone R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052040205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb07492.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.105.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1311183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198743156.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"246","article-title":"To bonferroni or not to bonferroni: when and how are the questions","volume":"81","author":"Cabin R.J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400880652"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00996.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199902)239:2<167::AID-JMOR5>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"2008 P. Cignoni M. Callieri M. Corsini M. Dellepiane F. Ganovelli G. Ranzuglia MeshLab: an open\u2010source mesh processing tool 129 136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94265-0_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400849505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"The dissection of vertebrates","author":"De Iuliis G.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4403(02)00286-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004742"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94265-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(83)90206-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syv012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Semilandmarks: a method for quantifying curves and surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Gunz P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Analysis of vertebrate structure","author":"Hildebrand M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2012.635737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00345"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051980111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90053-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Visualizations in geometric morphometrics: how to read and how to make graphs showing shape changes","volume":"24","author":"Klingenberg C.P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-016-0539-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7647"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","first-page":"971","article-title":"Characterizing adaptive morphological patterns related to habitat use and body mass in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla)","volume":"52","author":"Mendoza M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Zoologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9055-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"Exotic animal field guide: nonnative hoofed mammals in the United States","author":"Mungall D.E.C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Fins into limbs: evolution, development, and transformation","author":"Polly D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22882"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks","volume":"39","author":"Rohlf F.J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated development for R","author":"RStudio Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","volume-title":"Morpho: a toolbox providing methods for data\u2010acquisition, visualisation and statistical methods related to geometric morphometrics and shape analysis","author":"Schlager S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139167826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Allometric trends and locomotor adaptations in the Bovidae","volume":"179","author":"Scott K.M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bulletin of the AMNH"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","volume-title":"Landmark","author":"Wiley D.F.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","volume-title":"Handbook of the mammals of the world","author":"Wilson D.E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","volume-title":"Geometric morphometrics for biologists: a primer","author":"Zelditch M.L.","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13359","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joa.13359","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13359","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T02:48:55Z","timestamp":1692845335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.13359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.13359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.13359","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}