{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:37:32Z","timestamp":1778575052963,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Suomen Kulttuurirahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["191044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["191044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005433","name":"Pohjois-Pohjanmaan Rahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["60172246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60172246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005433","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["713645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011199","name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["336267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["336267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004073","name":"Killam Trusts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10001203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10001203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["324529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDN\u2010143341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN\u2010143341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Structural dynamics of calcified cartilage (CC) are poorly understood. Conventionally, CC structure is analyzed using histological sections. Micro\u2010computed tomography (\u00b5CT) allows for three\u2010dimensional (3D) imaging of mineralized tissues; however, the segmentation between bone and mineralized cartilage is challenging. Here, we present state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art deep learning segmentation for \u00b5CT images to assess 3D CC morphology. The sample includes 16 knees from 12 New Zealand White rabbits dissected into osteochondral samples from six anatomical regions: lateral and medial femoral condyles, lateral and medial tibial plateaus, femoral groove, and patella (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a096). The samples were imaged with \u00b5CT and processed for conventional histology. Manually segmented CC from the images was used to train segmentation models with different encoder\u2013decoder architectures. The models with the greatest out\u2010of\u2010fold evaluation Dice score were selected. CC thickness was compared across 24 regions, co\u2010registered between the imaging modalities using Pearson correlation and Bland\u2013Altman analyses. Finally, the anatomical CC thickness variation was assessed via a Linear Mixed Model analysis. The best segmentation models yielded average Dice of 0.891 and 0.807 for histology and \u00b5CT segmentation, respectively. The correlation between the co\u2010registered regions was strong (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.897, bias\u00a0=\u00a021.9\u00a0\u00b5m, standard deviation\u00a0=\u00a021.5\u00a0\u00b5m). Finally, both methods could separate the CC thickness between the patella, femoral, and tibial regions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). As a conclusion, the proposed \u00b5CT analysis allows for ex vivo 3D assessment of CC morphology. We demonstrated the biomedical relevance of the method by quantifying CC thickness in different anatomical regions with a varying mean thickness. CC was thickest in the patella and thinnest in the tibial plateau. Our method is relatively straightforward to implement into standard \u00b5CT analysis pipelines, allowing the analysis of CC morphology. In future research, \u00b5CT imaging might be preferable to histology, especially when analyzing dynamic changes in cartilage mineralization. It could also provide further understanding of 3D morphological changes that may occur in mineralized cartilage, such as thickening of the subchondral plate in osteoarthritis and other joint diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T22:01:00Z","timestamp":1617055260000},"page":"251-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Automated analysis of rabbit knee calcified cartilage morphology using micro\u2010computed tomography and deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"239","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santeri J. O.","family":"Rytky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology University of Oulu Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0653-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9684-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petri","family":"Tanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7852-4141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksei","family":"Tiulpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology University of Oulu Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Ailean Technologies Oy Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2500-6375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egor","family":"Panfilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology University of Oulu Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3486-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami K.","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2850-5484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simo","family":"Saarakkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology University of Oulu Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko A. 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