{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1789267443628,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes), the Holocephali are unique in that teeth are absent both in ontogeny and adult regenerative growth. Instead, the holocephalan dentition of ever\u2010growing nonshedding dental plates is composed of dentine, trabecular in arrangement, forming spaces into which a novel hypermineralized dentine (whitlockin) is deposited. These tissue features form a variety of specific morphologies as the defining characters of dental plates in the three families of extant holocephalans. We demonstrate how this morphology changes through ontogenetic development with continuity between morphologies, through successive growth stages of the dentition represented by the dental plate. For example, rod\u2010shaped whitlockin appears early, later transformed into the tritoral pad, including a regular arrangement of vascular canals and whitlockin forming with increasing mineralization (95%\u201398%). While the tritoral pads develop lingually, stacks of individual ovoids of whitlockin replace the rods in the more labial parts of the plate, again shaped by the forming trabecular dentine. The ability to make dentine into new, distinctive patterns is retained in the evolution of the Holocephali, despite the lack of teeth forming in development of the dentition. We propose that developmentally, odontogenic stem cells, retained through evolution, control the trabecular dentine formation within the dental plate, and transition to form whitlockin, throughout lifetime growth. Our model of cellular activity proposes a tight membrane of odontoblasts, having transformed to whitloblasts, that can control active influx of minerals to the rapidly mineralizing dentine, forming whitlockin. After the reduced whitloblast cells transition back to odontoblasts, they continue to monitor the levels of minerals (calcium, phosphate and magnesium) and at a slower rate of growth in the peritubate \u2018softer\u2019 dentine. This model explains the unique features of transitions within the holocephalan dental plate morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T15:46:20Z","timestamp":1619365580000},"page":"704-719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ontogenetic development of the holocephalan dentition: Morphological transitions of dentine in the absence of teeth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"239","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8444-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zerina","family":"Johanson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Manzanares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva Universitat de Valencia Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum London UK"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Birkbeck, University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Research Laboratories Natural History Museum London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Research Laboratories Natural History Museum London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moya","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Dictionnaire classique d'Histoire naturelle","author":"Bory de Saint\u2010Vincent J.B.G.M.","year":"1823"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Catalogo dos peixes de Portugal que existem no Museu de Lisboa","volume":"2","author":"Capello F.B.","year":"1868","journal-title":"Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chimaeroid fishes and their development","volume":"32","author":"Dean B.","year":"1906","journal-title":"Carnegie Institute of Washington"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Studies on fossil fishes (sharks, chimaeroids and arthrodires)","volume":"9","author":"Dean B.","year":"1909","journal-title":"Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei)","volume":"3119","author":"Didier D.A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203491317.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052220108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"New record of the Early Jurassic myriacanthid holocephalan Myriacanthus paradoxus AGASSIZ, 1836 from Belgium","volume":"278","author":"Duffin C.J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Belgian Geological Society Professional Paper"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"The chimaeroids (Chismopnea Raf., 1815; Holocephala M\u00fcll., 1834), especially Rhinochimaera and its allies","volume":"41","author":"Garman S.","year":"1904","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"A new deep\u2010water ghost shark, Hydrolagus pallidus n. sp. 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