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This is the first study to provide an overview of the osteogenesis process of the mouse hard palate. We found that the period in which avascular mesenchymal condensation becomes a vascularized bone structure corresponds to embryonic day (E) 14.5 to E16.5 in the hard palate. The ppmx and ppp differ remarkably in morphology and molecular respects during osteogenesis. Osteoclasts in the ppmx and ppp are heterogeneous. There was a multinucleated giant osteoclast on the bone surface at the lateral\u2010nasal side of the ppmx, while osteoclasts in the ppp were more abundant and adjacent to blood vessels but were smaller and had fewer nuclei. In addition, bone remodeling in the hard palate was asymmetric and exclusively occurred on the nasal side of the hard palate at E18.5. During angiogenesis, CD31\u2010positive endothelial cells were initially localized in the surrounding of palatal mesenchymal condensation and then invaded the condensation in a sprouting fashion. At the transcriptome level, we found 78 differentially expressed genes related to osteogenesis and angiogenesis between the ppmx and ppp. Fifty\u2010five related genes were up\/downregulated from E14.5 to E16.5. Here, we described the morphogenesis and the heterogeneity in the osteogenic and angiogenic genes profiles of the ppmx and ppp, which are significant for subsequent studies of normal and abnormal subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T09:19:41Z","timestamp":1632734381000},"page":"385-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Osteogenic and angiogenic profiles of the palatal process of the maxilla and the palatal process of the palatine bone"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Caiyu","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Fujian Medical University Union Hospital  Fuzhou Fujian China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial &amp; Stomatological Key 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