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Here we present representative morphological, behavioural and molecular data for parasitic cnidarians (myxozoans) that demonstrate unprecedented variation in form and function, developing as cellular hydrostats. Motile elongate plasmodia characterise a remarkable radiation of species in the genus<jats:italic>Ceratomyxa<\/jats:italic>. The vermiform plasmodia inhabit gall bladders of a range of South American freshwater fish and exhibit undulatory motility reminiscent of nematodes but achieved at the cellular level. Collective insights from ultrastructure, confocal and light microscopy along with videos depicting movements highlight key features that we propose explain the unique motility of the plasmodia. These features include cytoskeletal elements (net forming microfilaments and microtubules), a large internal vacuole, a relatively rigid outer glycocalyx and peripherally arranged mitochondria. These constituents provide collective evidence for repurposing of the cnidarian epitheliomuscular cell to support worm\u2010like motility at the cellular level. The apparent restriction of vermiform ceratomyxids to South American freshwaters suggests an origination via Cretaceous or Miocene marine transgressions and subsequent radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T08:11:48Z","timestamp":1634458308000},"page":"475-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["How to build single\u2010celled cnidarians with worm\u2010like motility: Lessons from Myxozoa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"240","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6903-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edson A.","family":"Adriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department de Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo Diadema SP Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Animal Biology State University of Campinas Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suellen A.","family":"Zatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering University of S\u00e3o Paulo Pirassununga SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100397"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00460-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8274-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511468112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5479\/si.01960768.38.139","article-title":"Recent insights into cnidarian phylogeny","volume":"38","author":"Collins A.G.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1978.tb03868.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0598-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14753-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"Froese R.&Pauly D.(2019)FishBase. 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