{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:33:08Z","timestamp":1747186388987,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020270","name":"Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/RC\/2073_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2073_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic total occlusions (CTOs) occur in approximately 40% of individuals with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease and are indicative of critical limb ischaemia. Currently, few medical devices can effectively treat CTOs long\u2010term, with amputation often required. This is due to a lack of knowledge of CTO anatomy, making device design and testing difficult. This study is a proof\u2010of\u2010concept study, which aimed to develop a workflow for further characterising the complex multi\u2010material anatomy of CTOs and creating 3D models of CTO components, which may be useful in producing a vascular CTO biomimetic for device testing. Here, we establish such a workflow using samples of atheromatous plaques. We focus on a high\u2010resolution, non\u2010destructive microcomputed tomography (\u03bcCT) technique which enables visualisation of occlusion anatomy at a greater resolution than computed tomography angiography (CTA), which is the typical modality used for CTO clinical visualisation. Four arteries (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02 superficial femoral; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02 popliteal) with evidence of atheromatous plaques were cut into 8\u00a0cm segments, which were then stained with iodine and scanned at low resolution, with calcified regions rescanned at high resolution. Resulting files were manually segmented to generate 3D models, which were then 3D printed in resin using a stereolithography printer to produce parts suitable for creating a biomimetic. In total, \u03bcCT files from three arterial segments (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02 high resolution, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01 low resolution) were deemed suitably calcified for segmentation, and thus were segmented to produce 3D models. 3D models of the arterial wall, intima and atheromatous calcium deposits from a high\u2010resolution popliteal artery scan were successfully 3D printed at several scales. While this research is at an early stage, it holds great promise. The workflow for segmentation and 3D printing various components of an atheromatous plaque established here is replicable and uses software and equipment which are accessible to research laboratories in both academia and industry. The ability to print detailed models on a desktop 3D printer is unprecedented and can be improved further, which is promising for future development of biomimetics with multi\u2010material detail of both soft tissue and calcified components of a vascular occlusion. Indeed, this workflow provides a solid foundation for future studies of CTO anatomy and the creation of true, multi\u2010material CTO biomimetics. Such biomimetics may enable the development of improved interventional devices, as they would mimic the general in vivo CTO environment. As this method cannot be applied in vivo<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> we cannot yet produce patient\u2010specific biomimetics, however, these analogues would still be important in device development, which would improve patient outcomes in critical limb ischaemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:56:10Z","timestamp":1646700970000},"page":"64-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A method of characterising the complex anatomy of vascular occlusions and <scp>3D<\/scp> printing biomimetic analogues"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2128-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muireann","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"},{"name":"C\u00daRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Beatty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"},{"name":"SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Trinity College Dublin &amp; National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shauna","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"},{"name":"C\u00daRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5103-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Dockery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4994-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garry P.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"},{"name":"C\u00daRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"},{"name":"SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Trinity College Dublin &amp; National University of Ireland Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","article-title":"Percutaneous treatment of peripheral arterial chronic total occlusions: device options and clinical outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Abbott J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Invasive Cardiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.486480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2012.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S209241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X19878271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319716641827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1526602820914618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-015-5506-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.001946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2019.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X17735192"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"552","article-title":"Cutting balloon angioplasty","volume":"14","author":"Lee M.S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Invasive Cardiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvssci.2020.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1526602818759333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-016-0255-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1583\/13-4630MR.1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13648","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joa.13648","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T14:59:46Z","timestamp":1692543586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.13648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.13648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.13648","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-8782"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-7580"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}