{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:47:28Z","timestamp":1780354048795,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast to the main olfactory system that detects volatile chemicals in the nasal air, the vomeronasal system can detect nonvolatile chemicals as well as volatiles. In the vomeronasal system, chemicals are perceived by the vomeronasal organ (VNO) projecting axons to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Beavers (<jats:italic>Castor<\/jats:italic> spp.) are semiaquatic mammals that have developed chemical communication. It is possible that the beaver's anal gland secretions, nonvolatile and insoluble substances, may work as a messenger in the water and that beavers may detect the nonvolatile chemicals floating on the water surface via the VNO. The present study aimed to clarify the specificities of the beaver vomeronasal system by histologically and immunohistochemically analyzing the VNO and AOB of 12 Eurasian beavers (<jats:italic>C. fiber<\/jats:italic>). The VNO directly opened to the nasal cavity and was independent of a narrow nasopalatine duct connecting the oral and nasal cavities. The VNO comprised soft tissues including sensory and nonsensory epithelium, glands, a venous sinus, an artery, as well as cartilage inner, and bone outer enclosures. The AOB had distinct six layers, and anti\u2010G protein \u03b1\u2010i2 and \u03b1\u2010o subunits were, respectively, immunoreactive in rostral and caudal glomeruli layers indicating expressions of V1Rs and V2Rs. According to gene repertories analysis, the beavers had 23 and six intact V1R and V2R genes respectively. These findings suggested that beavers recognize volatile odorants and nonvolatile substances using the vomeronasal system. The beaver VNO was developed as well as in other rodents, and it had two specific morphological features, namely, disadvantaged contact with the oral cavity because of a tiny nasopalatine duct, and a double bone and cartilage envelope. Our results highlight the importance of the vomeronasal system in beaver chemical communication and support the possibility that beavers can detect chemicals floating on the water surface via the VNO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T05:52:31Z","timestamp":1650347551000},"page":"809-819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The vomeronasal system in semiaquatic beavers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9341-3688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jumpei","family":"Tomiyasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Protection Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences  Olsztyn Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Korzekwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Protection Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences  Olsztyn Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke K.","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine  Obihiro Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian A.","family":"Robstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences University of South\u2010Eastern Norway  Telemark Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Rosell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences University of South\u2010Eastern Norway  Telemark Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kondoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine  Obihiro Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1373536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22875"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2010.00165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4441024a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90161-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"Lipids of the anal gland secretion of beaver (Castor fiber)","volume":"24","author":"Gr\u00f8nneberg T.\u00d8.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chemica Scripta"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.10.030187.001545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Herr J.(2005)Chemical communication in a stable beaver (Castor canadensis) population. 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