{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T18:02:23Z","timestamp":1770228143118,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biological armors derive their mechanical integrity in part from their geometric architectures, often involving tessellations: individual structural elements tiled together to form surface shells. The carapace of boxfish, for example, is composed of mineralized polygonal plates, called scutes, arranged in a complex geometric pattern and nearly completely encasing the body. In contrast to artificial armors, the boxfish exoskeleton grows with the fish; the relationship between the tessellation and the gross structure of the armor is therefore critical to sustained protection throughout growth. To clarify whether or how the boxfish tessellation is maintained or altered with age, we quantify architectural aspects of the tessellated carapace of the longhorn cowfish <jats:italic>Lactoria cornuta<\/jats:italic> through ontogeny (across nearly an order of magnitude in standard length) and in a high\u2010throughput fashion, using high\u2010resolution microCT data and segmentation algorithms to characterize the hundreds of scutes that cover each individual. We show that carapace growth is canalized with little variability across individuals: rather than continually adding scutes to enlarge the carapace surface, the number of scutes is surprisingly constant, with scutes increasing in volume, thickness, and especially width with age. As cowfish and their scutes grow, scutes become comparatively thinner, with the scutes at the edges (weak points in a boxy architecture) being some of the thickest and most reinforced in younger animals and thinning most slowly across ontogeny. In contrast, smaller scutes with more variable curvature were found in the limited areas of more complex topology (e.g., around fin insertions, mouth, and anus). Measurements of Gaussian and mean curvature illustrate that cowfish are essentially tessellated boxes throughout life: predominantly zero curvature surfaces comprised of mostly flat scutes, and with scutes with sharp bends used sparingly to form box edges. Since growth of a curved, tiled surface with a fixed number of tiles would require tile restructuring to accommodate the surface's changing radius of curvature, our results therefore illustrate a previously unappreciated advantage of the odd boxfish morphology: by having predominantly flat surfaces, it is the box\u2010like body form that in fact permits a relatively straightforward growth system of this tessellated architecture (i.e., where material is added to scute edges). Our characterization of the ontogeny and maintenance of the carapace tessellation provides insights into the potentially conflicting mechanical, geometric, and developmental constraints of this species but also perspectives into natural strategies for constructing mutable tiled architectures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T07:45:26Z","timestamp":1653983126000},"page":"565-580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ontogeny of a tessellated surface: Carapace growth of the longhorn cowfish <i>Lactoria cornuta<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lennart","family":"Eigen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Zoology Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin Humboldt University of Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1550-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual and Data\u2010Centric Computing Department Zuse Institute Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5026-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mason N.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces  Potsdam Germany"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease City University of Hong Kong and Public Health  Kowloon Tong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces  Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8630-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"W\u00f6lfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Zoology Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8088-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Nyakatura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Zoology Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Auguie B.(2019)egg: Extensions for 'ggplot2': Custom Geom Custom Themes Plot Alignment Labelled Panels Symmetric Scales and Fixed Panel Size. 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