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In long bones, this process may adapt anterior\u2010posterior and lateral\u2010medial strength to their mechanical environment showing regional specificity. Anuran species are ideal for analyzing the muscle\u2010bone relationships related to the different mechanical stresses induced by their many locomotor modes and habitat uses. This work aimed to explore the relationships between indicators of the force of the most relevant muscles to locomotion and the mechanical properties of femur and tibia fibula in preserved samples of three anuran species with different habitat use (aquatic, arboreal) and locomotion modes (swimmer, jumper, walker\/climber). For that purpose, we measured the anatomical cross\u2010sectional area of each dissected muscle and correlated it with the moments of inertia and bone strength indices. Significant, species\u2010specific covariations between muscle and bone parameters were observed.\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudis platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the aquatic swimmer, showed the largest muscles, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Boana faber<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the jumper and\n                    <jats:italic>Phyllomedusa sauvagii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the walker\/climber. As we expected, bigger muscles correlate with bone parameters in all the species. Nevertheless, smaller muscles also play an important role in bone design. In aquatic species, muscle interaction enhances mostly lateral bending strength throughout the femur and lateral and antero\u2010posterior bending strength in the tibia fibula. In the jumper species, muscles affected the femur and tibia fibula mostly in anterior\u2010posterior bending. In the walker\/climber species, responses involving both antero\u2010posterior and lateral bending strengths were observed in the femur and tibia fibula. These results show that bones will be more or less resistant to lateral and antero\u2010posterior bending according to the different mechanical challenges of locomotion in aquatic vs. arboreal habitats. This study provides new evidence of the muscle\u2010bone relationships in three frog species associated with their different locomotion and habitat uses, highlighting the crucial role of muscle in determining the architectural properties of bones.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T11:49:28Z","timestamp":1657799368000},"page":"702-715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hind limb muscles influence the architectural properties of long bones in frogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0988-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam Corina","family":"Vera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica Evolutiva Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones\u2010CONICET  Misiones Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfoc\u00e1lcico, Universidad Nacional de Rosario\u2010CONICET  Santa Fe Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Roberto","family":"Cointry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfoc\u00e1lcico, Universidad Nacional de Rosario\u2010CONICET  Santa Fe Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Abdala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n\u2010CONICET  Tucum\u00e1n Argentina"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Biolog\u00eda General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n  Tucum\u00e1n Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.121715"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0982"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.142315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0321"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1443948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5528\/wjtm.v2.i3.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/vzoo-2014-0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330790312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.012989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaa043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/3.4.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1998.tb01298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384050-9.50007-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"pQCT\u2010assessed relationships between diaphyseal design and cortical bone mass and density in the tibiae of healthy sedentary and trained men and women","volume":"13","author":"Capozza R.F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"The pQCT \"bone strength indices\" (BSIs, SSI). 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Bargo M.S. CassiniG. H.&Toledo N.(2016). Forma Y Funci\u00f3n En Paleobiolog\u00eda De Vertebrados. (EDULP Ed.) (1 ed.). La Plata.","DOI":"10.35537\/10915\/55101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"pQCT bone geometry and strength: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11\u201312\u2009years and their parents","volume":"9","author":"Vlok J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20929"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13710","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joa.13710","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13710","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T02:31:45Z","timestamp":1692757905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.13710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.13710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.13710","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}