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Although such fusion is widespread, frogs stand out because adults of all living species exhibit fusion of the zeugopod elements (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula), regardless of jumping ability or locomotor mode. To better understand what drives the maintenance of limb bone fusion in frogs, we use finite element modeling methods to assess the functional consequences of fusion in the anuran radioulna, the forearm bone of frogs that is important to both locomotion and mating behavior (amplexus). Using CT scans of museum specimens, measurement tools, and mesh\u2010editing software, we evaluated how different degrees of fusion between the radius and ulna affect the von Mises stress and bending resistance of the radioulna in three loading scenarios: landing, amplexus, and long\u2010axis loading conditions. We find that the semi\u2010fused state observed in the radioulna exhibits less von Mises stress and more resistance to bending than unfused or completely fused models in all three scenarios. Our results suggest that radioulna morphology is optimized to minimize von Mises stress across different loading regimes while also minimizing volume. We contextualize our findings in an evaluation of the diversity of anuran radioulnae, which reveals unique, permanent pronation of the radioulna in frogs and substantial variation in wall thickness. This work provides new insight into the functional consequences of limb bone fusion in anuran evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T05:34:51Z","timestamp":1660368891000},"page":"1026-1038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diversity and function of the fused anuran radioulna"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5062-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Keeffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcz.2022.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Animal mechanics","author":"Alexander R.M.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.110296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The rotary mobility of the fibula in eutherian mammals","volume":"87","author":"Barnett C.H.","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2021.0324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-016-1069-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Blender\u2013a 3D modelling and rendering package","author":"Blender Online Community","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Light bones in birds","volume":"36","author":"B\u00fchler P.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Chamberlain S.(2018)Rphylopic: Get 'Silhouettes' of \u2019Organisms' from \u2018Phylopic\u2019. 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