{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:00:21Z","timestamp":1792173621085,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rib fractures are a common and serious outcome of blunt thoracic trauma and their likelihood is greater in older individuals. Osteoporotic bone loss is a well\u2010documented aging phenomenon with sex\u2010specific characteristics, but within rib bones, neither baseline maps of regional thickness nor the rates of bone thinning with age have been quantified across whole ribs. This study presents such data from 4014 ribs of 240 adult subjects aged 20\u201390. A validated cortical bone mapping technique was applied to clinical computed tomography scans to obtain local rib cortical bone thickness measurements over the surfaces of ribs 2 through 11. Regression models to age and sex gave rates of cortex thinning in local zones and aggregated across whole ribs. The statistical parametric mapping provided these relationships regionally as a function of rib surface location. All models showed significant reductions in bone thickness with age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Average whole\u2010rib thinning occurred at between 0.011 to 0.032\u2009mm\/decade (males) and 0.035 to 0.043\u2009mm\/decade (females), with sex and age accounting for up to 37% of population variability (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Rates of thinning differed regionally and by rib, with the highest bone loss of up to 0.074\u2009mm\/decade occurring in mid\u2010rib cutaneous and superior regions of ribs 2\u20136. Rates were consistently higher in females than males (significantly so across whole ribs but not all local regions) and were more pronounced in cutaneous, superior, and inferior rib aspects (average 0.025\u2009mm\/decade difference in ribs 4\u20138) compared to pleural aspects which had the thickest cortices but saw only minor differences in thinning rates by sex (0.045\u2009mm\/decade for females and 0.040\u2009mm\/decade for males). Regional analysis showed male and female bone thickness differences that were not statistically significant at 20\u2009years of age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05 across practically all regions) but subsequent cortex thinning meant that substantial pleural and cutaneous regions were thinner (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in females than males by 55\u2009years of age. The techniques and results from this study can be applied to assess rib bone content loss in clinical settings across wide populations. Additionally, average cortex thickness results can be mapped directly to finite element models of the thorax, and regression results are used to modify such models to represent the ribs of men and women across their full adult lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T09:31:29Z","timestamp":1661419889000},"page":"1344-1356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Rib cortical bone thickness variation in adults by age and sex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0795-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven A.","family":"Holcombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphomics Analysis Group University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2869-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian A.","family":"Derstine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphomics Analysis Group University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Sources of variability in structural bending response of pediatric and adult human ribs in dynamic frontal impacts","volume":"62","author":"Agnew A.M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash 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