{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:18:20Z","timestamp":1759961900829,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the distinctive features of the Crocodylia is the presence of a superficial meatal chamber the aperture of which is regulated by two earflaps. The movements of the upper earflap have been detailed by multiple workers, however, the mechanics of the lower earflap remain unresolved. The present study was undertaken to document the mechanics of the lower earflap in the American alligator, <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>, and to explore the functional bases of coordinated movements between the lower earflap and lower eyelid in this species. This anatomical system was examined using a combination of fresh dissection, histology, and micro\u2010CT analyses applied to post\u2010embryonic specimens. The rostral margin of the lower earflap is tightly bound to a block of dense connective tissue herein termed the orbitalauricular chord. The orbitalauricular chord is anatomically distinct from both a ligament and a tendon. The dorsal surface of the orbitalauricular chord is attached to a slip of the levator palpebra, while the ventral surface is attached to a slip of the depressor palpebra. These attachments produce a simple mechanism for the elevation and depression of the lower earflap, and thus the opening and closing of the meatal aperture. The caudal surface of the orbitalauricular chord has connective tissue links to the rostral margin of the lower earflap. The morphology of the orbitalauricular chord appears to explain both the mechanics of the lower earflap and the functional coupling between the lower eyelid and lower earflap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T16:04:33Z","timestamp":1661357073000},"page":"1399-1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The orbitalauricular chord of <i>Alligator<\/i>: The unusual functional linkage between the earflap and eyelid of Crocodylians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0988-7731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine  Kirksville Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryson","family":"Grondel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine  Kirksville Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peace","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine  Kirksville Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cramberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine  Kirksville Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The cranial muscles of vertebrates","year":"1935","author":"Edgeworth 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