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Specimens of the Late Triassic brasilodontid eucynodont <jats:italic>Brasilodon<\/jats:italic> have provided anatomical and histological data from three lower jaws of different growth stages. These reveal ordered and timed replacement of deciduous by adult teeth. Therefore, this diphyodont dentition, as contemporary of the oldest known dinosaurs, shows that <jats:italic>Brasilodon<\/jats:italic> falls within a range of wide variations of typically mammalian, diphyodont dental patterns. Importantly, these three lower jaws represent distinct ontogenetic stages that reveal classic features for timed control of replacement, by the generation of only one replacement set of teeth. This data shows that the primary premolars reveal a temporal replacement pattern, importantly from directly below each tooth, by controlled regulation of tooth resorption and regeneration. The complexity of the adult prismatic enamel structure with a conspicuous intra\u2010structural Schmelzmuster array suggests that, as in the case of extant mammals, this extinct species would have probably sustained higher metabolic rates than reptiles. Furthermore, in modern mammals, diphyodonty and prismatic enamel are inextricably linked, anatomically and physiologically, to a set of other traits including placentation, endothermy, fur, lactation and even parental care. Our analysis of the osteodental anatomy of <jats:italic>Brasilodon<\/jats:italic> pushes back the origin of diphyodonty and consequently, its related biological traits to the Norian (225.42\u2009\u00b1\u20090.37\u2009myr), and around 25\u2009myr after the End\u2010Permian mass extinction event.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T06:25:08Z","timestamp":1662445508000},"page":"1424-1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Diphyodont tooth replacement of <i>Brasilodon<\/i>\u2014A Late Triassic eucynodont that challenges the time of origin of mammals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Sergio F.","family":"Cabreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Sul Brasileira de Paleontologia  Faxinal do Soturno Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar L.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00facio R.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Sul Brasileira de Paleontologia  Faxinal do Soturno Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Henrique Puricelli","family":"Lora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avenida Irm\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 Ot\u00e3o  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane","family":"Pakulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rua Engenheiro Jo\u00e3o Luderitz  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo C. 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