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As an example of this process, <jats:italic>Brachycephalus<\/jats:italic> species show loss of fingers, loss of the eardrum and middle ear, bone fusions, and the presence of paravertebral plates and parotic plaque. However, no studies addressing the consequences of miniaturization on internal organs, such as the lungs and heart, are currently available. Thus, this study aimed to investigate if overall small body size has affected the cardiorespiratory system. We investigated, via dissections, individuals of four Brachycephaloidea species: <jats:italic>Brachycephalus rotenbergae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. pitanga<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Eleutherodactylus johnstonei<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Ischnocnema parva<\/jats:italic>. We observed that <jats:italic>B. rotenbergae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. pitanga<\/jats:italic> present a reduction of the atrial septum and absence of the carotid body. On the other hand, despite being a member of the sister genus to <jats:italic>Brachycephalus<\/jats:italic> (both genera belong to the Brachycephalidae), individuals of <jats:italic>Ischnocnema<\/jats:italic> present a heart with a complete septum and carotid body; this is also observed in <jats:italic>E. johnstonei<\/jats:italic> (Eleutherodactylidae). We observed that <jats:italic>B. rotenbergae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. pitanga<\/jats:italic> have thin skin with a one to two cell thick germ layer, and their lungs likely exhibit lower blood supply when compared to individuals of the <jats:italic>E. johnstonei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>I. parva<\/jats:italic> species. Based on the observed structures, we suggest that in species of <jats:italic>Brachycephalus<\/jats:italic>, respiration is performed mainly through the skin, and their lungs may have a reduced respiratory function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T02:47:40Z","timestamp":1698547660000},"page":"232-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The cardiorespiratory system of miniature frogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"244","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4010-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres Santiago","family":"Carrasco\u2010Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Hist\u00f3ria Natural de Anf\u00edbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp  Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Animal, Unicamp  Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Fernanda","family":"Salla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos  Sorocaba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Sebben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Fisiol\u00f3gicas, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade de Bras\u00edlia  Bras\u00edlia Federal District Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lio Ricardo","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro  Serop\u00e9dica Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Dias","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Animal, Unicamp  Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Felipe","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Hist\u00f3ria Natural de Anf\u00edbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp  Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raoni","family":"Rebou\u00e7as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Hist\u00f3ria Natural de Anf\u00edbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp  Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Animal, Unicamp  Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2490"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2010.01375.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"503","article-title":"The carotid labyrinth in Hyla aurea, with a note on that in Leiopelma hochstetteri","volume":"89","author":"Carman J.B.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1670\/09-164.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10755"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1670\/07-141R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blz200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-02870-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12255"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.34.2.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-07456-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2019.1633567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24554"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801847806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.60.2.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1447345"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"571","article-title":"Ultrastructural and morphometric changes in the lung of newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. 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