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Anatomical descriptions and recordings of many non\u2010songbirds have often only focused on a single ontogenetic stage or sex. While basic morphology of the vocal organ (syrinx) of ostrich (Palaeognathae, <jats:italic>Struthio camelus<\/jats:italic>) has been known since the 1800s, descriptions of its vocal repertoire and syrinx anatomy since then have been incomplete or inconsistent. New toolkits now enable detailed qualitative description of internal anatomy and meristic data and allow it to be compared to vocal production. Here we describe the anatomy of the syrinx in <jats:italic>Struthio camelus<\/jats:italic> for three post\u2010hatching ontogenetic stages and both an adult male and female utilizing dissection and contrast enhanced X\u2010ray computed tomography (diceCT). We find changes in ring geometry and spacing through ontogeny as well as lateral labia thickness. We document a small unpaired, midline, cartilaginous structure, a \u201cpessuliform process\u201d at the tracheobronchial juncture present throughout ontogeny and in both males and females. Investigation of the vocal repertoire of ostriches across ontogeny using a new dataset of 77 recordings led to identification of four vocalizations not previously reported in the literature, including the simultaneous production of a hiss and tonal. We find syrinx morphology largely consistent across ontogeny and in male and female adults. Both are capable of producing long duration tonal calls, but these may be more frequent in male birds. Closed\u2010mouth boom calls remain unique to males. A detailed understanding of diversity in parts of early diverging clades is pivotal in attempting to estimate features of the ancestral syrinx in birds and how avian vocalization evolved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T03:56:16Z","timestamp":1701921376000},"page":"541-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ostrich (<i>Struthio camelus<\/i>) syrinx morphology and vocal repertoire across postnatal ontogeny and sex: Implications for understanding vocal evolution in birds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"244","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2772-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Chiappone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rodriguez\u2010Saltos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1343-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas J.","family":"Legendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2017.1335617"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The morphology of the syrinx in passerine birds","volume":"89","author":"Ames P.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Peabody Museum Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/95.2.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/p.203765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76220-8_3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"628","article-title":"Guidelines for removal, preservation, and CT imaging of the syrinx, the avian vocal organ","volume":"132","author":"Bilger H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Wilson Journal of Ornithology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.72.1.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Principles of animal communication","author":"Bradbury J.W.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12766"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Clements J.F. 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