{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:50:09Z","timestamp":1787590209383,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rib fractures remain the most frequent thoracic injury in motor vehicle crashes. Computational human body models (HBMs) can be used to simulate these injuries and design mitigation strategies, but they require adequately detailed geometry to replicate such fractures. Due to a lack of rib cross\u2010sectional shape data availability, most commercial HBMs use highly simplified rib sections extracted from a single individual during original HBM development. This study provides human rib shape data collected from chest CT scans of 240 females and males across the full adult age range. A cortical bone mapping algorithm extracted cross\u2010sectional geometry from scans in terms of local periosteal position with respect to the central rib axis and local cortex thickness. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of these cross\u2010sectional shape data. Linear regression found significant associations between principal component scores and subject demographics (sex, age, height, and weight) at all rib levels, and predicted scores were used to explore the expected rib cross\u2010sectional shapes across a wide range of subject demographics. The resulting detailed rib cross\u2010sectional shapes were quantified in terms of their total cross\u2010sectional area and their cortical bone cross\u2010sectional area. Average\u2010sized female ribs were smaller in total cross\u2010sectional area than average\u2010sized male ribs by between 20% and 36% across the rib cage, with the greatest differences seen in the central portions of rib 6. This trend persisted although to smaller differences of 14%\u201329% when comparing females and males of equal intermediate weight and stature. Cortical bone cross\u2010sectional areas were up to 18% smaller in females than males of equivalent height and weight but also reached parity in certain regions of the rib cage. Increased age from 25 to 80\u2009years was associated with reductions in cortical bone cross\u2010sectional area (up to 37% in females and 26% in males at mid\u2010rib levels). Total cross\u2010sectional area was also seen to reduce with age in females but to a lesser degree (of up to 17% in mid\u2010rib regions). Similar regions saw marginal increases in total cross\u2010sectional area for male ribs, indicating age affects rib cortex thickness moreso than overall rib cross\u2010sectional size. Increased subject height was associated with increased rib total and cortical bone cross\u2010sectional areas by approximately 25% and 15% increases, respectively, in mid\u2010rib sections for a given 30\u2009cm increase in height, although the magnitudes of these associations varied by sex and rib location. Increased weight was associated with approximately equal changes in both cortical bone and total cross\u2010sectional areas in males. These effects were most prominent (around 25% increases for an addition of 50\u2009kg) toward lower ribs in the rib cage and had only modest effects (less than 12% change) in ribs 2\u20134. Females saw greater increases with weight in total rib area compared to cortical bone area, of up to 21% at the eighth rib level. Results from this study show the expected shapes of rib cross\u2010sections across the adult rib cage and across a broad range of demographics. This detailed geometry can be used to produce accurate rib models representing widely varying populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:41:00Z","timestamp":1704933660000},"page":"792-802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Population trends in human rib cross\u2010sectional shapes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"244","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0795-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven A.","family":"Holcombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphomics Analysis Group University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphomics Analysis Group University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Derstine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphomics Analysis Group University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Sources of variability in structural bending response of pediatric and adult human ribs in dynamic frontal impacts","volume":"62","author":"Agnew A.M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2970w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2018.1450979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2020.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2016.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1630825"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/anthranz\/2023\/1617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1158242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237\u2010020\u201001335\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","article-title":"The accuracy of local rib bone geometry measurement using full body CT images","volume":"19","author":"Holcombe S.A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12632"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103742"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.25.2.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1154272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201088800\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24844"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010017\u20101850\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco\u20102020\u2010000441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1005208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223\u2010001\u20101040\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Application of radial basis function methods in the development of a 95th percentile male seated FEA model","volume":"58","author":"Vavalle N.A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.13999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T23:42:08Z","timestamp":1713310928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.13999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.13999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.13999","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}