{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T14:53:11Z","timestamp":1782831191866,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although domestic dogs vary considerably in both body size and skull morphology, behavioural audiograms have previously been found to be similar in breeds as distinct as a Chihuahua and a St Bernard. In this study, we created micro\u2010CT reconstructions of the middle ears and bony labyrinths from the skulls of 17 dog breeds, including both Chihuahua and St Bernard, plus a mongrel and a wolf. From these reconstructions, we measured middle ear cavity and ossicular volumes, eardrum and stapes footplate areas and bony labyrinth volumes. All of these ear structures scaled with skull size with negative allometry and generally correlated better with condylobasal length than with maximum or interaural skull widths. Larger dogs have larger ear structures in absolute terms: the volume of the St Bernard's middle ear cavity was 14 times that of the Chihuahua. The middle and inner ears are otherwise very similar in morphology, the ossicular structure being particularly well\u2010conserved across breeds. The expectation that larger ear structures in larger dogs would translate into hearing ranges shifted towards lower frequencies is not consistent with the existing audiogram data. Assuming that the audiograms accurately reflect the hearing of the breeds in question, oversimplifications in existing models of middle ear function or limitations imposed by other parts of the auditory system may be responsible for this paradox.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T01:49:06Z","timestamp":1712886546000},"page":"324-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Structure and scaling of the middle ear in domestic dog breeds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"245","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Mason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Development &amp; Neuroscience University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madaleine A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Development &amp; Neuroscience University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"657","article-title":"Effect of domestication on morphometry of ear structures in Norway rats","volume":"30","author":"Burda H.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fortschritte der Zoologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the canine ear","volume":"21","author":"Cole L.K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00089.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2010.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","author":"Evans H.E.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Studien am Skelett des Geh\u00f6rorgans der S\u00e4ugetiere, einschlie\u00dflich des Menschen","volume":"21","author":"Fleischer G.","year":"1973","journal-title":"S\u00e4ugetierkundliche Mitteilungen"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67143-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195069402.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1694997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14178-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"364","article-title":"Macroscopic anatomy of the ear of the dog","volume":"17","author":"Getty R.","year":"1956","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9110619"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4886"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.97.2.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470756973.ch19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903170302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(01)00298-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(95)00031-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051640206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-019-00445-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"The structure and function of the middle ear","author":"Kirikae I.","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1417027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836901001558"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12316"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000073756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(95)00030-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00126.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1420382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(89)90175-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2932061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.404280"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202492699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.145284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13523-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods","author":"Snedecor G.W.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal R.R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(99)00076-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00467.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-011-9386-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051460304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2992\/007.087.0101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050485"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.14049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T14:37:57Z","timestamp":1758724677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.14049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.14049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.14049","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}