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The dietary habits of living sloths can be directly observed in the wild, and understanding the mechanical behavior of their jaws during chewing through finite element analysis (FEA) provides a valuable validation tool for comparative analysis with their extinct counterparts. In this study, we used FEA to simulate the mechanical behavior of sloth mandibles under lateral mastication loads, using it as a proxy for oral processing. Our research focused on the six extant sloth species to better understand their diets and validate the use of FEA for studying their extinct relatives. We found that all living sloths have the predominancy of low\u2010stress areas in their mandibles but with significant differences. <jats:italic>Choloepus didactylus<\/jats:italic> had larger high\u2010stress areas, which could be linked to a reduced need for processing tougher foods as an opportunistic generalist. <jats:italic>Bradypus variegatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Choloepus hoffmanni<\/jats:italic> are shown to be similar, displaying large low\u2010stress areas, indicating greater oral processing capacity in a seasonal and more competitive environment. <jats:italic>Bradypus torquatus, Bradypus pygmaeus, and Bradypus tridactylus<\/jats:italic> exhibited intermediary processing patterns, which can be linked to a stable food supply in more stable environments and a reduced requirement for extensive oral processing capacity. This study sheds light on extant sloths' dietary adaptations and has implications for understanding the ecological roles and evolutionary history of their extinct counterparts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T02:18:55Z","timestamp":1719109135000},"page":"583-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variations in dietary patterns of living sloths revealed by finite element analysis of jaws"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"245","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0862-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza B.","family":"Melki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Macrof\u00f3sseis, Departamento de Geologia, Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Geologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando H. S.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Normal Superior Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)  Manaus AM Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"La\u00eds","family":"Alves\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Geoci\u00eancias, Faculdade de Geologia Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian P.","family":"Bergqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Macrof\u00f3sseis, Departamento de Geologia, Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Geologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504332"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Dwarfism in insular sloths: biogeography, selection, and evolutionary rate","volume":"56","author":"Anderson R.P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Paleobiology of Pleistocene ground sloths (Xenarthra, Tardigrada): biomechanics, morphogeometry and ecomorphology applied to the masticatory apparatus","volume":"45","author":"Bargo M.S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"269","volume-title":"The biology of the Xenarthra","author":"Chiarello A.G.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72422-3_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200008)112:4<553::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201065586\u2010w"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Finite element analysis of ungulate jaws: can mode of digestive physiology be determined","volume":"13","author":"Fletcher T.M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Electronica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13622"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aec.13204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"Griffith G.E. 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