{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:30:04Z","timestamp":1778574604871,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF BCS 0716244. NSF BCS 0647557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF BCS 0716244. NSF BCS 0647557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There has been a long debate about the possibility of multiple contemporaneous species of\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in both eastern and southern Africa, potentially exhibiting different forms of bipedal locomotion. Here, we describe the previously unreported morphology of the os coxae in the 3.67\u2009Ma\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus prometheus<\/jats:italic>\n                    StW 573 from Sterkfontein Member 2, comparing it with variation in ossa coxae in living humans and apes as well as other Plio\u2010Pleistocene hominins. Statistical comparisons indicate that StW 573 and 431 resemble humans in their anteroposteriorly great iliac crest breadth compared with many other early australopiths, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>Homo ergaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    KNM WT 15000 surprisingly also has a relatively anterioposteriorly short iliac crest. StW 573 and StW 431 appear to resemble humans in having a long ischium compared with Sts 14 and KNM WT 15000. A Quadratic Discriminant Function Analysis of morphology compared with other Plio\u2010Pleistocene hominins and a dataset of modern humans and hominoids shows that, while Lovejoy's heuristic model of the\n                    <jats:italic>Ardipithecus ramidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    os coxae falls with\n                    <jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic>\n                    or in an indeterminate group, StW 573 and StW 431 from Sterkfontein Member 4 are consistently classified together with modern humans. Although clearly exhibiting the classic \u201cbasin shaped\u201d bipedal pelvis, Sts 14 (also from Sterkfontein), AL 288\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus afarensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , MH2\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus sediba<\/jats:italic>\n                    and KNM\u2010WT 15000 occupy a position more peripheral to modern humans, and in some analyses are assigned to an indeterminate outlying group. Our findings strongly support the existence of two species of\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    at Sterkfontein and the variation we observe in os coxae morphology in early hominins is also likely to reflect multiple forms of bipedality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T05:17:40Z","timestamp":1721625460000},"page":"163-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bipedalism or bipedalisms: The os coxae of StW 573"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"248","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7441-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Crompton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course &amp; Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health &amp; Life Sciences, the W.H. Duncan Building University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Elton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Dawson Building Durham University  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Heaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Wisconsin Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"Jashashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Geology and Palaeontology Georgian National Museum  Tbilisi Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9363-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelie","family":"Beaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Bruxelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRACES, UMR 5608 CNRS Jean Jaur\u00e8s University  Toulouse France"},{"name":"French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP)  N\u00eemes France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Kuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susannah K.","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eishi","family":"Hirasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior University of Kyoto  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2913-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Pataky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Health Sciences Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"McClymont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course &amp; Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health &amp; Life Sciences, the W.H. Duncan Building University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy","author":"Aiello L.","year":"1990"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Pliocene fossil woods from an early hominid cave deposit, Sterkfontein, South Africa","volume":"95","author":"Bamford M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1818"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60837-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02435530"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"1048","article-title":"The Australopithecus pelvic morphology (Sts 431 and Sts 14): the taxonomic evidence","volume":"268","author":"Berge C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"The co\u2010ordination and regulation of movements","author":"Bernstein N.","year":"1967"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"A new hominid innominate bone from Swartkrans","volume":"39","author":"Brain C.K.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annals of the Transvaal Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2021.102983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5919-0_7"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"460","article-title":"First ever discovery of a well\u2010preserved skull and associated skeleton of Australopithecus","volume":"94","author":"Clarke R.J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million\u2010year\u2010old Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein","volume":"95","author":"Clarke R.J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"523","article-title":"Newly revealed information on the Sterkfontein member 2 Australopithecus skeleton: news & views","volume":"98","author":"Clarke R.J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"Latest information on Sterkfontein's Australopithecus skeleton and a new look at Australopithecus: research in action","volume":"104","author":"Clarke R.J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23892"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000519723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Fossil foot bones anatomy from South Africa between 2.4 and 3.5 my old. Interpretation in relation to the kind of locomotion","volume":"21","author":"Deloison Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biometrie de Humain Anthropologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8965-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231499798"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01850-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Sts 14, a male subadult partial skeleton of Australopithecus africanus? News & views","volume":"102","author":"Gommery D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2123516119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2019.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.10056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197507667.003.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330570403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202521"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"A reconstruction of the Stw 431 Australopithecus pelvis based on newly discovered fragments: news and views","volume":"99","author":"Kibii J.M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715120115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1065"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"The archaeology of Sterkfontein: preliminary findings on site formation and cultural change","volume":"90","author":"Kuman K.","year":"1994","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","first-page":"827","volume-title":"The cutting edge: New approaches to the archaeology of human origins","author":"Kuman K.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200201000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","first-page":"451","volume-title":"Animal prints and trails","author":"Leakey M.D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"The partial skeleton StW 431 from Sterkfontein\u2013is it time to rethink the Plio\u2010Pleistocene hominin diversity in South Africa?","volume":"98","author":"Macho G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60406-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ehs.2021.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330430107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330870404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04187-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","first-page":"673","article-title":"The evolution of bipedal walking in the hominids","volume":"75","author":"Napier J.R.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Archives de Biologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2003.12.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hominin lower limb bones from Sterkfontein caves, South Africa (1998\u20102003 excavations)","volume":"117","author":"Pickering T.R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.44433.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","volume-title":"Early hominid posture and locomotion","author":"Robinson J.T.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10382-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(74)90197-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2021.103008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80052-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811537106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","unstructured":"Torres\u2010Tamayo N. Garc\u00eda\u2010Mart\u00ednez D. Sanz\u2010Prieto D. Sanchis\u2010Gimeno J.A. Nalla S. Villa C.et\u00a0al. (2021)New reconstruction of the pelvis of KNM\u2010WT 15000 supports a wide body shape for Early AfricanH. erectus.Abstract 11th Annual Meeting of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","first-page":"503","volume-title":"Kinesiological inferences and evolutionary implications from Laetoli bipedal trails G1, G2\u20103 and A","author":"Tuttle R.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208717110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/31.4.680"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10382-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10382-1_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","volume-title":"Human osteology","author":"White T.D.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.06.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.14106","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.14106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:24:55Z","timestamp":1767839095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.14106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.14106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.14106","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}