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We use diffusible iodine contrast\u2010enhanced microCT (diceCT) imaging to digitally dissect the gross muscle anatomy of the pelvis and hindlimbs for 30 species of frogs representing five primary locomotor modes, including the first known detailed dissection for some of the world's smallest frogs, forming the largest digital comparative analysis of musculoskeletal structure in any vertebrate clade to date. By linking musculoskeletal dissections and phylogenetic comparative methods, we then quantify and compare relationships between anatomy and function across over 160 million years of anuran evolution. In summary, we have found that bone lengths and pelvic crest sizes are generally not reliable predictors of muscle sizes, which highlights important implications for future palaeontological studies. Our investigation also presents previously unreported differences in muscle anatomy between frogs specialising in different locomotor modes, including several of the smallest frog hindlimb muscles, which are extremely difficult to extract and measure using traditional approaches. Furthermore, we find evidence of many\u2010to\u2010one and one\u2010to\u2010many mapping of form to function across the phylogeny. Additionally, we perform the first quantitative analysis of how the degree of muscle separation can differ between frogs. We find evidence that phylogenetic history is the key contributing factor to muscle separation in the pelvis and thigh, while the separation of shank muscles is influenced more strongly by locomotor mode. Finally, our anatomical 3D reconstructions are published alongside this manuscript to contribute towards future research and serve as educational materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T06:46:36Z","timestamp":1723185996000},"page":"751-774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparative muscle anatomy of the anuran pelvis and hindlimb in relation to locomotor mode"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"245","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4062-8399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Leavey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory Royal Veterinary College\u2014Camden Campus, Comparative Biomedical Sciences  London 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