{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:23:16Z","timestamp":1779103396488,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013915","name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Medical Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T02593X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T02593X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/V005561\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/V005561\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pinnipeds have long, sensitive, moveable mystacial vibrissae. In other mammals, intrinsic muscles contribute to protracting the vibrissae. However, the mystacial muscles of pinnipeds have not yet been systematically described. Using traditional histological methods provides us with two\u2010dimensional muscle images, but having the ability to visualise these structures in three dimensions would allow for a more comprehensive understanding of pinniped vibrissal anatomy, especially given the challenges posed by their large and extremely curved mystacial pad. We predicted that harbour seals would have large, regular intrinsic muscles due to their well\u2010organised, moveable vibrissae. We adopted diffusible iodine contrast\u2010enhanced computer tomography (diceCT) to describe, for the first time, the three\u2010dimensional architecture of the mystacial vibrissal muscles found in harbour seals. Our observations show that their vibrissae are organised into grids within the mystacial pad. We identified both sling\u2010shaped and oblique intrinsic muscles that connect one vibrissae to the next in the same row. We also identified extrinsic muscles, including the m. nasolabialis, m. maxillolabialis, m. levator nasolabialis and m. orbicularis oris. Contrary to our prediction, the intrinsic muscles were not very large, although they were regularly distributed throughout the pad. Rather, the extrinsic muscles, particularly the m. nasolabialis and m. maxillolabialis were large, deep and well\u2010defined, running throughout the length of the mystacial pad. Therefore, we suggest that these extrinsic muscles, the m. nasolabialis and m. maxillolabialis, are responsible for driving vibrissal protraction underwater. These findings demonstrate the importance of three\u2010dimensional visualisation techniques in advancing our understanding of mystacial anatomy and function in pinnipeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T12:27:26Z","timestamp":1728995246000},"page":"696-708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Describing the musculature of mystacial pads in harbour seals (<i>Phoca vitulina<\/i>) using <scp>diceCT<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"246","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyx","family":"Elder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Science Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NXCT at the Henry Moseley X\u2010Ray Imaging Facility University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Brassey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Science Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Kitchener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences National Museums Scotland  Edinburgh Scotland UK"},{"name":"School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Hantke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences National Museums Scotland  Edinburgh Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Science Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119502119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02213989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Respiration and diving physiology. 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