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Consequently, fewer anatomical studies have been conducted on this species over time compared to others. This study aims to provide an updated and comprehensive description of the hindlimb musculature of <jats:italic>Aptenodytes forsteri<\/jats:italic>. The muscles of the thigh, shank and foot were compared along postnatal development. The results were compared with the muscles of swimming and diving birds and also with ground\u2010dwelling taxa. By dissecting seven specimens, the origin and insertion were described in newborns, chicks and juveniles. Of the 37 muscles recognized, 19 correspond to the thigh, 14 to the shank, and four to the foot. Notably, the hindlimb muscles appear relatively developed compared to the overall body size in the newborns, showing considerable development in independent chicks, and reached full growth in the juvenile. The <jats:italic>m. flexor hallucis brevis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>m. extensor hallucis longus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>m. lumbricalis<\/jats:italic> were absent in all specimens, whereas the <jats:italic>m. femorotibialis lateralis<\/jats:italic> was found in only one specimen. Additionally, a branch of the <jats:italic>m. flexor cruris medialis<\/jats:italic>, originating in the abdominal area and merging with the pelvic portion before insertion, was observed in the newborn chicks. <jats:italic>Aptenodytes forsteri<\/jats:italic> showed similarities with <jats:italic>Numida meleagris<\/jats:italic> in the insertion of <jats:italic>m. iliofibularis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>m. flexor cruris lateralis p. pelvica<\/jats:italic>. These findings, along with other comparative results, constitute the first comprehensive descriptive study of the hindlimb musculature of <jats:italic>Aptenodytes forsteri<\/jats:italic>, including different ontogenetic stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T20:36:30Z","timestamp":1736973390000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hindlimb muscles of the Emperor Penguin <i>Aptenodytes forsteri<\/i>\u00a0(Aves, Sphenisciformes) at different postnatal ontogenetic stages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"247","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8556-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. A.","family":"Sosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Paleontolog\u00eda Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata  Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Universidad Nacional de La Plata  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2614-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Acosta Hospitaleche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Paleontolog\u00eda Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata  Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET)  Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Textural ageing in Pygoscelis Antarctica (Aves, Sphenisciformes): a new comparative scale for penguin bones","volume":"70","author":"Acosta Hospitaleche C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vertebrate Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Home range size, breeding behavior, and activities of helmeted guineafowl Numida meleagris in Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Ayeni J.S.O.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the West African Ornithological Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Morphologisch\u2010funktionelle Untersuchung am Lokomotionsapparat der Pinguine als Grundlage f\u00fcr ein allgemeines Bewegungsmodell des \u201cUnterwasserfuges\u201d. Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Morphologie und mikroskopische Anatomie, 1","volume":"133","author":"Bannasch R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Abteilung"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Handbook of avian anatomy: Nomina anatomica avium","author":"Baumel J.J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270050253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12710"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00137.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199905)240:2<115::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"424","article-title":"Osteologie et myologie des manchots ou spheniscides","volume":"6","author":"Gervais P.","year":"1877","journal-title":"Journal de Zoologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2420619"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Eco\u2010\u00e9thologie du Manchot empereur (Aptenodytes forsteri) et comparaison avec le Manchot Ad\u00e9lie (Pygoscelis adeliae) et le Manchot royal (Aptenodytes paragonica)","author":"Isenmann P.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"510","article-title":"Comportement et structure sociale chez le manchot empereur","volume":"25","author":"Jouventin P.","year":"1971","journal-title":"La Terre et la Vie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"680","article-title":"The emperor penguin: a strategy to live and breed in the cold: morphology, physiology, ecology, and behavior distinguish the polar emperor penguin from other penguin species, particularly from its close relative, the king penguin","volume":"65","author":"Le Maho Y.","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2992\/0145-9058(2006)37[1:PON]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Birds of the world","author":"Mart\u00ednez I.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4088433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2010.01017.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.835018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"\u00c9cologie du manchot empereur","author":"Pr\u00e9vost J.","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"749","article-title":"Anatomy of the middle ear region of the avian skull: Sphenisciformes","volume":"93","author":"Saiff E.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00810282.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1888.tb08488.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Muscles of the hip and thigh of the emperor penguin","volume":"49","author":"Setty L.R.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-017-2183-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-021-02986-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195106084.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri, Gray): I. 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