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However, the nuanced form\u2013function relationship in the upper limbs of extant apes is difficult to discern due to their varied locomotor behaviors, complicating the interpretation of similar features in fossil hominins. Trabecular bone, which responds to mechanical strain, reflects the intensity and direction of forces during movement, making it valuable for identifying locomotor adaptations in hominoids. This study examines trabecular bone in the clavicle\u2014a crucial component of shoulder biomechanics\u2014to explore its relationship to mechanical loading patterns and bone functional adaptations in primate locomotion. Using a whole\u2010bone approach, we analyzed trabecular structure in the clavicle of apes: <jats:italic>Gorilla<\/jats:italic> spp. (<jats:italic>G. beringei<\/jats:italic>: <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928; <jats:italic>G. gorilla<\/jats:italic>: <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200929), <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200919), <jats:italic>Hylobates<\/jats:italic> spp. (<jats:italic>H. lar<\/jats:italic>: <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928; <jats:italic>H. concolor<\/jats:italic>: <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093), <jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic> spp. (<jats:italic>P. abelii<\/jats:italic>: <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913; <jats:italic>P. pygmaeus<\/jats:italic>: <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924), and <jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935), quantifying relative bone volume fraction (rBV\/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), and trabecular number (Tb.N) from high\u2010resolution micro\u2010CT scans. Aspects of the clavicular trabecular architecture among ape taxa appear to correspond to differences in locomotor behavior. In most taxa, rBV\/TV is highest in regions underlying muscle attachment sites frequently used during upper limb activities, with differences among taxa predominantly reflecting variations in upper limb use and muscle attachment sites. Regions of high rBV\/TV beneath entheses and articular surfaces result from different trabecular parameters\u2014higher rBV\/TV is achieved primarily via greater Tb.Th under entheses, while in subarticular regions, it is driven by higher Tb.N. However, no consistent differences in sternoclavicular subarticular trabecular bone emerge between <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> and the other apes, despite differences in shoulder positioning on the torso. Muscle activity appears to significantly influence trabecular bone structure in the clavicle of living apes, with implications for reconstructing early hominin locomotor behaviors and upper limb use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T20:56:38Z","timestamp":1741726598000},"page":"284-303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Locomotor signals in the trabecular structure of the hominoid clavicle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"247","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7692-088X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah N.","family":"Farrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zewdi J.","family":"Tsegai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeresenay","family":"Alemseged","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012387582-2\/50038-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b805661g"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1400\/227237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Barros A.P.(2014)Ontogeny phylogeny and functional morphology of the hominoid shoulder girdle (Doctoral). 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