{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T14:42:47Z","timestamp":1781275367015,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24\u201024\u201000139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\u201024\u201000139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The vertebral column of elephants has several unique features that distinguish them from all other modern\u2010day mammals. In this study, we examine various aspects of the functional morphology and intervertebral mobility of the elephant backbone, comparing it to that of other large herbivorous mammals, as well as to extinct\n                    <jats:italic>Mammuthus primigenius<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>M.\u2009trogontherii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Mammut americanum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The elephant vertebral column is characterized by a high degree of dorsostability. All three directions of intervertebral mobility (sagittal and lateral bending, and axial rotation), in all backbone modules, demonstrate the lowest amplitudes of motion known for mammals. In elephants, neck mobility is largely replaced by the mobility of the proboscis; the axial rotation in the thoracic region is not used for maneuvering, and the sagittal flexibility of the lumbar region is practically absent during locomotion. The mobility of the elephant cervical region in the sagittal and frontal planes is low; however, it is still responsible for movements that require significant force, such as tournament fights and breaking tree branches. The lumbosacral joint characterized by sagittal hypermobility in most terrestrial mammals is even less mobile than the intralumbar joints in elephantids. The thoracic\u2010lumbo\u2010sacral region of proboscideans is arch\u2010shaped in lateral view, resulting from the ventral\u2010ward tapering of the vertebral centra (the length along the spinal canal is longer than the length at the ventral side of the centrum). This tapering is most pronounced in the posterior thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. In contrast, the vertebral centra in the middle part of the trunk (T8\u2013T14) are almost rectangular in lateral view. This arch\u2010shaped structure provides static support to the vertebral column, preventing sagging. The absolute length of the spinous processes in proboscideans is comparable to those of the largest bovines and exceeds the lengths of extant rhinoceroses. However, relative to the height of the vertebral centrum, the spinous processes in the withers area of elephants are 2\u20134 times shorter than those in bovines and rhinoceroses. The profile and inclination angle of the spinous processes differ drastically among different taxa. Despite these differences, we found no significant variations in the sagittal flexibility of the backbone among the different elephantids. We hypothesize that the observed differences may relate to how the arch shape of the backbone is maintained in the posterior part of the thoracolumbar region. In modern\u2010day elephants, dorsostability is primarily supported by a strong supraspinous ligament with short intersegmental portions. In mammoths, this is probably maintained by the linea alba and the abdominal muscles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:11:12Z","timestamp":1747959072000},"page":"988-1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The elephant backbone: Morphological differences, dorsostability, and vertebral fusions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"247","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0499-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslan I.","family":"Belyaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2144-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya E.","family":"Prilepskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1979.tb03956.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1992.tb04344.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_5_1","volume-title":"A descriptive catalogue of the tertiary vertebrata of the Fay\u00fbm, Egypt. Based on the Collection of the Egyptian Government in the Geological Museum, Cairo, and on the Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London","author":"Andrews C.W.","year":"1906"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_6_1","volume-title":"The Volga mammalian fauna in the geological\u2010mineralogical museum of Kazan university","author":"Averianov A.O.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.1597"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_8_1","unstructured":"Bajgusheva V.S.(2001)Elephants from the Delta of Paleo\u2010Don River. In: Proceedings International Congress \u201cThe World of Elephants\u201d Rome 172\u2013175."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2011.05.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JOA.13300"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13688"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13955"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.544"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12849"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_1_19_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Body dimensions of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach) of the second half of the Late Pleistocene in the north of Eastern Siberia","volume":"26","author":"Boeskorov G.G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natural Resources of the Arctic and Subarctic"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_20_1","first-page":"84","article-title":"Features of the morphology and paleoecology of the Chekurovsky mammoth","volume":"5","author":"Boeskorov G.G.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Russian Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_21_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Biomechanics of the withers (in connection with the role of the spinous processes in vertebrates)","volume":"2","author":"Brovar V.Y.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Moscow Zootechnical Institute"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_1_22_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Analysis of the ratios of the weight of the head to the length of the spinous processes of the vertebrae","volume":"24","author":"Brovar V.Y.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Archives of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23636"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/zjls.1994.1026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_26_1","volume-title":"Anatomie compar\u00e9e, Volume 4","author":"\u0421uvi\u0435r G.","year":"1850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_27_1","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Proceedings in memory of A. N. Severtsov","author":"Drujinin A.N.","year":"1941"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_28_1","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Proceedings in Memory of A. N. Severtsov","author":"Drujinin A.N.","year":"1941"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800016082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800013338"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042\u20103306.2001.tb05378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7868\/S0032874X2311008X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_33_1","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Axial character seriation in mammals: an historical and morphological exploration of the origin, development, use, and current collapse of the homology paradigm","author":"Filler A.G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.174.1.247"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_1_36_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Role of the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra of certain rodents","volume":"30","author":"Gambaryan P.P.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Zoological Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_37_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Morphofunctional analysis of the musculature of the extremities of Tapirus americanus","volume":"13","author":"Gambaryan P.P.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zoological Papers of the Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_38_1","first-page":"368","volume-title":"How mammals run: anatomical adaptations","author":"Gambaryan P.P.","year":"1974"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_1_39_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Besonderheiten im Bau des Seel\u00f6wen (Eumetopias californianus) der Baikalrobbe (Phoca sibirica) und des See\u2010otters (Enhydra lutris) in Anpassung an die Fortbewegung im Wasser","volume":"79","author":"Gambaryan P.P.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Zoologische Jahrb\u00fccher. Abteilung f\u00fcr Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_41_1","first-page":"190","article-title":"Morpho\u2010functional analysis of the muscles of the limbs of elephants","volume":"54","author":"Gambaryan P.P.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15298\/rusjtheriol.04.1.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_43_1","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Das Mammut Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach)","author":"Garutt V.E.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.035436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1912.tb55164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5686\/jjzwm.19.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1987.tb08599.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042\u20103306.2001.tb05381.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1380866"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/422493a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1094-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31610\/trudyzin\/2018.322.3.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1995.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_56_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structural types of limbs and evolution of running technique in tetrapods","volume":"3","author":"Kuznetsov A.N.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zoologicheskie Issledovania"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2017.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0031030110020139"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_1_59_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans","volume":"61","author":"Larramendi A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontologica Polonica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4435\/BSPI.2017.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102028.1966.tb00878.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_62_1","first-page":"2160","volume-title":"Large mammals of the anthropogene of Yakutia","author":"Lazarev P.A.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.3360"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_66_1","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 53","author":"Lucas S.G.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_67_1","volume-title":"Structure and development of the sacro\u2010pelvic complex in Amniota","author":"Malashichev Y.B.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/283026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_70_1","volume-title":"Animal locomotion: an electrophotographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements","author":"Muybridge E.","year":"1887"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2009.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102907.2005.00070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_73_1","unstructured":"Osborn H.F.(1942)Proboscidea: A Monograph on the discovery evolution migration and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world Vol. II: Stegodontoidea and Elephantoidea.New York:The American Museum Press p.870."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborn H.F.(1936)Proboscidea: A monograph on the discovery evolution migration and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world Vol. I: Moeritherioidea Deinotherioidea Mastodontoidea.New York:The American Museum Press p.802.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.12097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15298\/rusjtheriol.16.2.05"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2022.107948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31250\/1815887020242062260311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15298\/rusjtheriol.1.2.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_79_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Roentgenological study of the mobility of a skeleton of the lumbo\u2010sacral region in certain mammals","volume":"5","author":"Pylypchuk O.Y.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vestnik Zoologii"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.018820"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1984.10011993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1988.tb03760.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_83_1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Spondyloarthropathy in proboscideans","volume":"25","author":"Rothschild B.M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/Jeb.02400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_85_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of comparative anatomy of vertebrates","author":"Schmalhausen I.I.","year":"1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_86_1","volume-title":"Elasmotheres fossil rhinos","author":"Schvyreva A.K.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_87_1","volume-title":"Elasmotheres of the Pleistocene of Eurasia","author":"Schvyreva A.K.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj1936.28.1-6_89"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj1936.28.1-6_115"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_1_90_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative biologic anatomical investigations on the vertebral column and spinal musculature of mammals","volume":"17","author":"Slijper E.","year":"1946","journal-title":"Tweede Sectie"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_91_1","volume-title":"European bison: morphology, systematics, evolution, ecology","author":"Sokolov V.E.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_92_1","volume-title":"Manatee: morphological adaptations","author":"Sokolov V.E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_93_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Reconstruction of the vertebral column of Protoceratops","volume":"2","author":"Tereschenko V.S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Paleontological Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01981.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01732.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_96_1","volume-title":"Exterior of a mammoth","author":"Vereshchagin N.K.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_97_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Die wirbels\u00e4ule des l\u00f6wen nach form zusammengesetzt","author":"Virchow H.","year":"1907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054784"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1822-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199710150-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01358746"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_103_1","first-page":"658","volume-title":"Handbook of the mammals of the world","author":"Wilson D.E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_104_1","volume-title":"Handbook of the mammals of the world \u2013 volume 2: hoofed mammals","author":"Wilson D.E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2_1","unstructured":"Belyaev R.I. Kuznetsov A.N.&Prilepskaya N.E.(2021c)Figures of various artiodactyls vertebral column. figshare. Figure.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.13302365.v4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_3_1","unstructured":"UMORF (University of Michigan Online Repository of Fossils).2024.UMORF data is provided courtesy of the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology. Specimen ISM 71.3.261 URL:https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1007;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1008;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1010;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1011;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1012;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1013;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1014;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1077;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1078;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1079;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1135;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1136;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1137;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1138;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1139;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1140;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1141;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1142;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1143;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1144;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1145;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1146;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1147;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1148;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1149;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1150;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1151;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1152;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1153;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1154;https:\/\/umorf.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/wp\/specimen\u2010data\/?Model_ID=1155"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.14270","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joa.14270","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.14270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T02:30:33Z","timestamp":1775701833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.14270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.14270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.14270","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}