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In this study, the human SG nerve fiber organization and ultrastructure were assessed using semi\u2010thin light microscopy sectioning and three\u2010dimensional (3D) synchrotron radiation phase\u2010contrast imaging (SR\u2010PCI). A fresh human temporal bone underwent high\u2010resolution SR\u2010PCI with a dual\u2010detector system. Orthogonal sectioning, cropping, and tissue segmentation were used to create high\u2010resolution 3D reconstructions. Peripheral dendrites were traced from the basilar membrane to the SG, and a tonotopic map was constructed using Greenwood's function. Results were compared and validated against novel high\u2010resolution microscopy data of a sectioned human cochlea. Only the basal and initial middle turn of the cochlea displayed a well\u2010defined Rosenthal's canal (RC), and after 450 degrees, this converged into a central modiolar space. The OC and SG tonotopic maps remained closely aligned for angular depths up to approximately 650 degrees, after which the SG frequencies became significantly more spatially compact relative to the OC. In the central modiolus, the apical 1.37\u2009mm of the SG contained over four octaves of tonotopic representation. In comparison, the compressed apical SG represented 9.6\u2009mm of the OC (28% of the overall length) over the same tonotopic range. These results were validated with microscopy, which revealed that this apical SG contained around 8000 neurons and represented 960 inner hair cells along the OC. This is the first study to present the detailed cellular organization and 3D tonotopic arrangement of the human SG within the central modiolus. For low frequency stimulation, rate\u2010based coding may be required to augment tonotopic mapping in the compressed SG regions. In addition, the OC tonotopic map has significantly less compression and could potentially be targeted directly for place\u2010based coding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T08:29:13Z","timestamp":1749803353000},"page":"1283-1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The cochlear apex demystified: Implications from synchrotron radiation phase\u2010contrast imaging and microscopy for cochlear implantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"247","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5990-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Uppsala University  Uppsala 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