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Among archosauromorphs, tooth attachment in dinosaurs and crocodylians is nearly identical to that of mammals in featuring a ligamentous connection (gomphosis), whereas closely related forms appear to have teeth fused to the jaws (ankylosis), as in most other amniotes. Hence, studying tooth attachment of stem\u2010archosaurs is pivotal to characterize the main shifts in tooth attachment seen in the lineage. Here, we analyze the tooth attachment of rhynchosaurs \u2014 a group of quadrupedal herbivorous archosauromorphs that played a key role as primary consumers in many Triassic communities. Their dentition consists of multiple rows of marginal teeth with posterolingual addition of teeth during growth, but their tooth attachment has not been documented in a modern context. Histological data from three rhynchosaur specimens from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania show that, although ankylosed, rhynchosaur teeth are surrounded by an extensive network of Sharpey\u2019s fibers, layers of cementum, and well\u2010defined zones of alveolar bone. What has been previously described as \u201cspongy bone of attachment\u201d in fact encompasses the same attachment tissues present in mammals, dinosaurs, and crocodylians, albeit completely mineralized in mature teeth. Analysis of different stages of tooth development shows that ankylosis occurs by the growth of alveolar bone towards the cellular cementum, which eventually mineralizes the soft ligament. This suggests that the tissues conflated as \u201cbone of attachment\u201d\u2014alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cellular cementum\u2014are homologous across Archosauromorpha. Our data add to a growing body of evidence that heterochronic changes to the timing and extents of mineralization, not convergent evolution to mammal\u2010like attachment tissues, led to the independent evolution of gomphosis across many amniote lineages, including archosauromorphs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T05:16:11Z","timestamp":1756358171000},"page":"526-540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The histology of rhynchosaur (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) ankylothecodonty"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"248","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5542-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Mestriner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory F.","family":"Funston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of California Davis  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7017-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sterling J.","family":"Nesbitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5290-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio C. A.","family":"Marsola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1  Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9608-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0742-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian A.","family":"Sidor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Burke Museum University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1009-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max C.","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2497-1296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron R. H.","family":"LeBlanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Oral &amp; Craniofacial Sciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"737","article-title":"Tooth form, growth, and function in Triassic rhynchosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida)","volume":"27","author":"Benton M.J.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-014-1228-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zoj.12246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Cabreira S.F.(2004)Placas maxilo\u2010dent\u00e1rias em rincossauros Hyperodapedon Huxley 1859. Histologia e morfog\u00eanese maxilo\u2010dental: nova abordagem (Master's thesis). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)023[0622:HOTATI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1974.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1983.10011952"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.52196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Early Archosauromorphs: The Crocodile and Dinosaur Precursors","author":"Ezcurra 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