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However, the evolutionary origins of PSP in the latter clade remain largely unknown, with few studies assessing species closely related to, but outside, the sauropod radiation, that is, early\u2010branching sauropodomorphs. Furthermore, most proposed identifications of PSP in early\u2010branching sauropodomorphs relate to external indicators of internal pneumaticity, for example, the presence of vertebral subfossae. To address this deficit, we CT scanned representative elements from the vertebral columns of the early\u2010branching sauropodomorphs\n                    <jats:italic>Thecodontosaurus antiquus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pantydraco caducus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ruehleia bedheimensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Plateosaurus longiceps<\/jats:italic>\n                    , all from the Late Triassic of Europe. These new data were compared with the small number of early\u2010branching sauropodomorphs with published vertebral CT scan data, namely the Late Triassic Brazilian species,\n                    <jats:italic>Buriolestes schultzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pampadromaeus barberenai<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Macrocollum itaquii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Based on the sampled vertebrae, PSP is absent in\n                    <jats:italic>Buriolestes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pampadromaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pantydraco<\/jats:italic>\n                    and probably\n                    <jats:italic>Thecodontosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . It is possible that the neural arches of the posterior cervical vertebrae of\n                    <jats:italic>Thecodontosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    possess PSP, but this can only be interpreted from broken transverse cross\u2010sections and not CT scans. The posterior cervical vertebrae of\n                    <jats:italic>Ruehleia<\/jats:italic>\n                    possess PSP in the neural arches; however, their corresponding centra, along with the centra and neural arches of the anterior\u2013middle dorsal vertebrae, are apneumatic.\n                    <jats:italic>Plateosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    possesses PSP in the neural arches of the middle cervical vertebrae through to the middle dorsal vertebrae, whereas the presacral centra are apneumatic. Where present, pneumatic internal chambers are neither exclusively camerate nor camellate, nor do they align with the \u2018protocamerate\u2019 bone structure previously described in the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae of\n                    <jats:italic>Macrocollum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . From external indicators, PSP might be present in the sacral neural arches of\n                    <jats:italic>Ruehleia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Plateosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    but is absent in the caudal vertebrae. However, our results reveal that PSP cannot be unambiguously determined from external indicators; subfossae do not always communicate with internal chambers; and internal chambers sometimes communicate with undivided fossae. PSP in early\u2010branching sauropodomorphs probably evolved first in the neural arches of the posterior cervical vertebrae, expanding anteriorly and posteriorly along the vertebral column. Furthermore, the distribution of PSP in Late Triassic early\u2010branching sauropodomorphs does not appear to be correlated with body size. Finally, our results lend support to the idea that pterosauromorphs, theropods and sauropodomorphs evolved PSP in the Late Triassic independently of each other.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T03:04:47Z","timestamp":1758855887000},"page":"541-578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["New information on Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs provides support for the independent acquisition of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in avemetatarsalian lineages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"248","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7403-0910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Beeston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Upchurch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians, and Birds Section Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Asbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t Zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip D.","family":"Mannion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3099\/0006-9698-565.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0599-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01120-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25067-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2020.1770774"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21700"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Postcranial osteology of the neotype specimen of Massospondylus carinatus Owen, 1854 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the upper Elliot formation of South Africa","volume":"53","author":"Barrett P.M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Africana"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2024.2337802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d13110561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2023.2269404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2011.00190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001853"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pgeola.2012.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2000)020[0077:AASOTP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n de las v\u00e9rtebras presacras en Sauropodomorpha","volume":"36","author":"Bonaparte J.F.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Britt B.B.(1993)Pneumatic postcranial bones in dinosaurs and other archosaurs. 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