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Osteoporosis is characterized by the loss of bone mass, including trabecular bone tissue, leading to skeletal fracture. Although clinically important, fundamental questions remain about normal trabecular bone variation and age\u2010related bone loss. In this study, we use free\u2010ranging rhesus macaques (\n                    <jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from the Cayo Santiago Field Station to explore variation in trabecular bone structure. We measured several aspects of trabecular bone structure (maximum and mean bone volume fraction, degree of anisotropy, and trabecular thickness) across the elbow (humerus, ulna, radius), hip (proximal femur), and knee (distal femur, tibia). Analyses of covariance models assessed factors influencing bone structure, including body mass, demography (age, sex, matriline), as well as indices of sociality and early life adversity. Point cloud models of prime and postprime age groups visualized age\u2010related differences in bone structure. We observed significant variation in trabecular bone morphology (max and mean bone volume fraction, degree of anisotropy, and trabecular thickness) across both bones and joints. Sex influenced trabecular thickness, with thicker trabeculae in males. Max and mean bone volume fraction as well as trabecular thickness were positively associated with body mass. Age was associated with significantly lower values of mean bone volume fraction, specifically in the hind limb. We observed significant bone loss specifically in the femoral head and neck. There were no associations of trabecular bone structure with either sociality or early life adversity in this sample. This study provides a comprehensive view of trabecular bone variation by region, sex, mass, and age contextualized by social factors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T05:40:34Z","timestamp":1763358034000},"page":"97-113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Variation in trabecular bone microarchitecture across rhesus macaque (\n                    <i>Macaca mulatta<\/i>\n                    ) load\u2010bearing joints"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1277-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra M.","family":"Turcotte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and the McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Center for the Study of Human Origins New York University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Raghunath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Center for the Study of Human Origins New York University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily J. 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