{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:39:32Z","timestamp":1787827172946,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/35\/B\/NZ4\/00905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/35\/B\/NZ4\/00905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A growing body of evidence suggests that lizards are promising model organisms for studying various developmental processes. However, knowledge of pancreatic islet distribution in non\u2010ophidian squamates remains limited. The most comprehensive accounts available to date lack three\u2010dimensional reconstructions and often show inconsistencies. In this study, we aimed to address both aspects: first, by evaluating squamate embryos as model systems for understanding general mechanisms of pancreatic islet morphogenesis in vertebrates, and second, by conducting a comparative analysis of islet development in squamates from an evolutionary perspective. In this study, we analyzed embryos of four non\u2010ophidian squamates representing three major evolutionary lineages: Iguania\u2014the brown anole\n                    <jats:italic>Anolis sagrei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; Gekkota\u2014the leopard gecko\n                    <jats:italic>Eublepharis macularius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the mourning gecko\n                    <jats:italic>Lepidodactylus lugubris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; and Lacertidae\u2014the sand lizard\n                    <jats:italic>Lacerta agilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Three\u2010dimensional reconstructions were created from thick serial sections and high\u2010resolution semithin sections. Pancreatic islet cells in lizards originate from ductal epithelium. Early in development, precursor cells leave the duct walls to form buds that give rise to primary islets, a process evolutionarily conserved across vertebrates. Subsequent growth involves both the fusion of islet buds and the fission of larger agglomerates. Analyzed species differ in islet distribution: The brown anole islet remains restricted to the splenic lobe, whereas the sand lizard, leopard gecko, and mourning gecko also form islets in remaining regions. In studied gekkotans, small\u2010 and medium\u2010sized islets tended to be concentrated in close proximity to the spleen. Medium\u2010sized islets dominate the splenic lobe in the sand lizard. Interestingly, we observed a varanid\u2010like condition in the brown anole, characterized by the formation of a single large islet within the splenic lobe, accompanied by a concurrent reduction in islet size throughout the remaining pancreatic regions. This pattern may reflect a broader trend within Toxicofera, a clade identified through molecular studies, toward splenic lobe islet enlargement and a reduction in the size of the islets in the remaining parts of the pancreas. While the phylogenetic position may influence these patterns, our findings suggest that the spatial relationship between the spleen and pancreas, particularly the formation of large islets near the spleen, could play a more direct, possibly inductive, role in islet formation. Further detailed studies, particularly focusing on representatives of Iguania and Anguimorpha, are essential to test this hypothesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T12:26:22Z","timestamp":1764419182000},"page":"141-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Budding, fission, and fusion: Unveiling patterns shaping pancreatic islet size and distribution in squamate reptiles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9496-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Rupik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2022.107414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Technika mikroskopowa. 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